ABSTRACT
Behavioural, cognitive, and affective aspects of social functioning of 107 children with a chronic illness were studied. The aim of the study was twofold: (1) to describe peer interaction of children with a chronic illness in comparison with normative data of healthy children; (2) to examine whether peer interaction was related to the illness characteristics physical restrictions and pain. Peer interaction was assessed with measures of social activities (CBCL), parent-reported social skills (CABS), child-reported social skills (MESSY), social self-esteem (SPPC), and social anxiety (SASK). Results showed no differences between diagnosis groups, suggesting that the social consequences of chronic illness are not diagnosis specific. Compared with healthy norms, chronically ill children reported less aggressive behaviour. The parent-report measures suggested a similar trend. Children with chronic illness also tended to display more submissive behaviour than healthy norms, as perceived by their parents. With regard to illness characteristics, both physical restrictions and pain were associated with restricted social activities, but not with other measures of social peer interaction. Children who display submissive behaviour and children who are restricted in their social activities should receive extra attention because they are especially vulnerable for problems in their social development.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Interpersonal Relations , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Social Adjustment , Anxiety/diagnosis , Child , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Pain/psychology , Self Concept , Social DesirabilityABSTRACT
Since 1982, the liver transplantation team of the University Hospital of Groningen has been carrying out transplantations in children. This article focuses on the experiences of the parents of 19 children who have undergone transplantation. An interview and two questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data concerned children's physical and psychosocial functioning and their daily behaviour. Five older children also filled in two questionnaires. In general, parents were positive about their child's functioning. When the interviews were analysed at an individual level, several problems were reported, however. These problems did not fall within one specific domain. As a consequence, the questionnaires did not show any significant differences between these children and a matched control group of healthy children. The parents of the children aged 1-3 yr were more positive about their children's functioning than the parents of the children aged 4-12 yr. The positive results should be assessed in the light of children's functioning before transplantation: when compared with pre-transplantation problems, present problems are of little significance.