Intestinal permeability assessment using lactulose and mannitol in celiac disease.

Alterations in intestinal permeability can lead to increased uptake of luminal antigens, which has been linked to several intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome, but also to extra-intestinal diseases. Promising therapies that target intestinal permeability could be developed, for instance tight junction modulators. Consequently, permeability assays are increasingly being used as treatment endpoints in clinical studies. Therefore, reliable, reproducible, and feasible methods for measuring intestinal permeability in the clinical setting are necessary. Currently, a variety of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro tests are available, some of which are only applicable to basic research. Despite the various options available to measure gut permeability, their use in clinical setting is still limited because of their heterogeneity. Here, we describe a clinical method to measure intestinal permeability using two non-metabolizable sugars.

Postura y equilibrio de las miniaturas orgánicas del Códice de San Andrés de Arroyo / Posture and balance of the organic miniatures of the Codex of San Andrés de Arroyo

Los Beatos son códices medievales españoles que hacen referencia al Apocalipsis. El texto está profusamente acompañado de miniaturas con personajes humanos y celestiales. El Beato de San Andrés de Arroyo es uno de ellos. Hemos realizado un análisis anatómico y postural de las figuras que aparecen en estos Beatos. Hemos encontrado figuras humanas y celestiales cuya postura y equilibrio son disarmónicas, contrariando a la fisiología. De otro lado hemos encontrado otras figuras que mantienen un perfecto equilibrio, representando correctamente el movimiento y la estática. Creemos en base a todo ello que en el Beato de San Andrés de Arroyo hubo más de un artista iluminador, uno de ellos era más naturalista que el otro u otros

The Beatuses are Spanish medieval codices that refer to the Apocalypses. Miniatures full of human and celestial characters accompany the text. The Beatus of San Andrés de Arroyo is one of them. We have made an anatomic and postural analysis of the figures of this Beatus. We’ve found human and celestial figures who’s posture and balance are lacking in harmony, contrary to physiology. On the other hand we have found other figures that maintain a perfect balance, representing movement and motionlessness correctly.We believe, based on all this, that there is more than one Beatus de San Andrés de Arroyo illustrator, one of them being more of a naturalist than the other