Probiotics, Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs), and Gut-Brain Axis Related Psychological Conditions: Implications for Research and Dietetics.

It is well-known that probiotics have key roles in the crosstalk between the gut and brain in terms of nutrition and health. However, when investigating their role in nutrition and health, it can be important to discriminate probiotics used as foods, food supplements, or drugs. For clarification of this terminology, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a new "live biotherapeutic products" (LBP) category, expressing pharmaceutical expectations and to reduce confusion in the literature. Growing evidence advises that the community of microorganisms found in the gut microbiota is associated with psychological conditions. Hence, it is thought that LBPs may positively affect depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia by reducing inflammation, improving gut microbiota, and balancing gut neurometabolites. This review focuses on the specific position of probiotics as LBPs in psychological conditions. Condition-specific potential pathways and mechanisms of LBPs and the prominent strains are discussed in the light of novel studies for future research, dietetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Compliance of NKF KDOQI 2020 nutrition guideline recommendations with other guideline recommendations and protein energy wasting criteria in hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition in hemodialysis patients is important in decreasing complications, improving quality of life, and preventing of malnutrition. Recommendations of the guidelines are taken into consideration while prescribing a nutrition therapy plan for patients. However, the recommendations may differ between the guidelines. It was aimed to compare the newly published National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) guideline with previous reported two guideline recommendations and protein energy wasting criteria in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five maintenance hemodialysis patients between the ages of 18-65 were included in the study. Daily energy intake and daily protein intake of these patients were evaluated by three different nutrition guidelines; NKF KDOQI-2000, 2020 and European Best Practice Guidelines-2007. In addition, protein energy wasting was determined by using anthropometric measurements, biochemical findings and food intake of the patients. RESULTS: When the inadequacy rate in dietary daily energy intake and daily protein intake of the patients evaluated by NKF KDOQI-2000 recommendations, it was found to be higher than the rates in other two recommendations (P<0.05). Based on criteria, protein energy wasting was detected in 29.1% of the patients. While the NKF KDOQI-2020 daily energy intake recommendation was not consistent with other guideline recommendations, it seems highly compatible with protein energy wasting recommendations such as albumin, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, energy, and protein intake. While NKF KDOQI-2020 daily protein intake recommendation complies with European Best Practice Guidelines-2007 recommendations, the level of agreement with protein energy wasting criteria is very low. CONCLUSION: Inadequate protein intake is still an ongoing problem in hemodialysis patients. NKF KDOQI-2020 guidelines provide a more suitable and applicable daily energy intake recommendation for patients compared to the previous guidelines.