Atrial Strain and Strain Rate: A Novel Method for the Evaluation of Atrial Stunning / Strain Atrial e Strain Rate: Novo Método para Avaliar Atordoamento Atrial

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in adults. Atrial stunning is defined as the temporary mechanical dysfunction of the atrial appendage developing after AF has returned to sinus rhythm (SR). Objectives: We aimed to evaluate atrial contractile functions by strain and strain rate in patients with AF, following pharmacological and electrical cardioversion and to compare it with conventional methods. Methods: This study included 41 patients with persistent AF and 35 age-matched control cases with SR. All the AF patients included in the study had transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography performed before and after. Septum (SEPsSR), left atrium (LAsSR) and right atrium peak systolic strain rate (RAsSR) were defined as the maximum negative value during atrial contraction and septum (SEPε), left atrium (LAε) and right atrium peak systolic strain (RAε) was defined as the percentage of change. Parameters of two groups were compared. Results: In the AF group, 1st hour and 24th hour LAε, RAε, SEPε, LAsSR, RAsSR, SEPsSR found to be significantly lower than in the control group (LAε: 2.61%±0.13, 3.06%±0.19 vs 6.45%±0.27, p<0.0001; RAε: 4.03%±0.38, 4.50%±0.47 vs 10.12%±0.64, p<0.0001; SEPε: 3.0%±0.22, 3.19%±0.15 vs 6.23%±0.49, p<0.0001; LAsSR: 0.61±0.04s-1, 0.75±0.04s- 1 vs 1.35±0.04s-1, p<0.0001; RAsSR: 1.13±0.06s-1, 1.23±0.07s-1 vs 2.10±0.08s- 1, p<0.0001; SEPsSR: 0.76±0.04s- 1, 0.78±0.04s- 1 vs 1.42±0.06 s- 1, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Atrial strain and strain rate parameters are superior to conventional echocardiographic parameters for the evaluation of atrial stunning in AF cases where SR has been achieved.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum em adultos. Define-se atordoamento atrial como a disfunção mecânica temporária do apêndice atrial que se desenvolve depois de reversão da FA ao ritmo sinusal (RS). Objetivos: Avaliar as funções atriais contráteis através de strain atrial e strain rate em pacientes com FA, após cardioversão farmacológica e elétrica, assim como compará-los com os métodos convencionais. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 41 pacientes com FA persistente e 35 controles com RS e pareados por idade. Todos os pacientes com FA incluídos neste estudo foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtorácica e transesofágica antes e após. Strain rates de pico sistólico do septo (SEPsSR), do átrio esquerdo (LAsSR) e do átrio direito (RAsSR) foram definidas como o máximo valor negativo durante contração atrial. Strains de pico sistólico do septo (SEPε), do átrio esquerdo (LAε) e do átrio direito (RAε) foram definidas como porcentagem de mudança. Resultados: No grupo com FA, os parâmetros LAε, RAε, SEPε, LAsSR, RAsSR e SEPsSR da 1a hora e da 24a hora foram significativamente mais baixos que no grupo controle (LAε: 2,61%±0,13; 3,06%±0,19 vs 6,45%±0,27; p<0,0001; RAε: 4,03%±0,38; 4,50%±0,47 vs 10,12%±0,64; p<0,0001; SEPε: 3,0%±0,22; 3,19%±0,15 vs 6,23%±0,49; p<0,0001; LAsSR: 0,61±0,04s-1; 0,75±0,04s-1 vs 1,35±0,04s-1; p<0,0001; RAsSR: 1,13±0,06s-1; 1,23±0,07s-1 vs 2,10±0,08s-1; p<0,0001; SEPsSR: 0,76±0,04s-1; 0,78±0,04s-1 vs 1,42±0,06 s-1; p<0,0001). Conclusão: Os parâmetros strain atrial e strain rate são superiores aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais para avaliar atordoamento atrial em pacientes com FA que reverteram ao RS.

Atrial Strain and Strain Rate: A Novel Method for the Evaluation of Atrial Stunning.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in adults. Atrial stunning is defined as the temporary mechanical dysfunction of the atrial appendage developing after AF has returned to sinus rhythm (SR). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate atrial contractile functions by strain and strain rate in patients with AF, following pharmacological and electrical cardioversion and to compare it with conventional methods. METHODS: This study included 41 patients with persistent AF and 35 age-matched control cases with SR. All the AF patients included in the study had transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography performed before and after. Septum (SEPsSR), left atrium (LAsSR) and right atrium peak systolic strain rate (RAsSR) were defined as the maximum negative value during atrial contraction and septum (SEPε), left atrium (LAε) and right atrium peak systolic strain (RAε) was defined as the percentage of change. Parameters of two groups were compared. RESULTS: In the AF group, 1st hour and 24th hour LAε, RAε, SEPε, LAsSR, RAsSR, SEPsSR found to be significantly lower than in the control group (LAε: 2.61%±0.13, 3.06%±0.19 vs 6.45%±0.27, p<0.0001; RAε: 4.03%±0.38, 4.50%±0.47 vs 10.12%±0.64, p<0.0001; SEPε: 3.0%±0.22, 3.19%±0.15 vs 6.23%±0.49, p<0.0001; LAsSR: 0.61±0.04s-1, 0.75±0.04s- 1 vs 1.35±0.04s-1, p<0.0001; RAsSR: 1.13±0.06s-1, 1.23±0.07s-1 vs 2.10±0.08s- 1, p<0.0001; SEPsSR: 0.76±0.04s- 1, 0.78±0.04s- 1 vs 1.42±0.06 s- 1, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Atrial strain and strain rate parameters are superior to conventional echocardiographic parameters for the evaluation of atrial stunning in AF cases where SR has been achieved.

Relation of serum parathyroid hormone level to severity of heart failure.

Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) level is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). However its role for identifying advanced HF has not been previously studied. We aimed to investigate whether the assessment of serum PTH could enable clinicians to identify patients with advanced HF. One hundred fifty consecutive patients who visited our outpatient clinic with systolic HF were enrolled in the present study. Serum levels of PTH and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured across all New York Heart Association functional classes. Mean levels of PTH were 43 ± 19, 84 ± 56, 121 ± 47, and 161 ± 60 pg/ml in New York Heart Association functional classes I, II, III, and IV, respectively (p <0.001). In univariate analysis, body mass index, disease duration, PTH, BNP and hemoglobin levels, creatinine clearance, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic diameter, left atrial size, presence of atrial fibrillation, and diuretic usage were found to be predictors of advanced HF. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, PTH level (hazard ratio 1.032, 95% confidence interval 1.003 to 1.062, p = 0.003) and body mass index (hazard ratio 0.542, 95% confidence interval 0.273 to 1.075, p = 0.079) were associated with advanced HF. Furthermore, serum PTH levels were correlated with BNP level and left ventricular ejection fraction (p <0.001 for the 2 comparisons). In receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, the optimal cut-off value of PTH to predict advanced HF was >96.4 pg/ml, with 93.3% sensitivity and 64.2% specificity. In conclusion, measurement of serum PTH could provide complementary information and a simple biomarker strategy to categorize patients with advanced HF based on increased PTH levels, allowing rapid risk stratification in these patients.

Comparison of fibrinolytic versus surgical therapy in the treatment of obstructive prosthetic valve thrombosis: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but severe cardiac condition. There are only a few data regarding comparison of the fibrinolytic and surgical approaches for the treatment of PVT. In this study, we compared the results of fibrinolytic therapy versus surgery in patients who presented to our institution with a diagnosis of obstructive-type PVT. METHODS: From January 2001 to August 2008 in our institution, 33 patients who met clinical and echocardiographic criteria for obstructive-type PVT were included in the study. Fifteen of these patients underwent fibrinolytic treatment with streptokinase, which consisted of an initial bolus of 250,000 U followed by 100,000 U/h. Eighteen patients were treated with surgery. RESULTS: The 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics, including New York Heart Association functional status, types and positions of prosthetic valves, international normalized ratio values, and presentation symptoms. Full hemodynamic success was achieved in 12 patients who underwent fibrinolytic therapy and in 15 patients in the surgery group. The mean (±SD) streptokinase infusion time was 17.8 ± 11.1 hours. Two major hemorrhages and 2 cases of systemic embolism were observed in the fibrinolytic group. The 2 groups did not differ with respect to mortality rate (P = .79). The duration of hospitalization was longer in the fibrinolytic group than in the surgery group (10.7 ± 6.6 days versus 6.9 ± 6.7 days, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: Although fibrinolytic therapy is generally recommended for the treatment of PVT for specific patient groups, our results suggest that it may be as efficacious and safe as surgery, depending on patient selection.

Two-year outcome of Turkish patients treated with Zotarolimus versus Paclitaxel eluting stents in an unselected population with coronary artery disease in the real world: a prospective non-randomized registry in southern Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to investigate the clinical outcomes of Zotarolimus- and Paclitaxel-eluting stents in Turkish patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In general, the outcome of drug-eluting stent (DES) placement has a proven efficacy in randomized trials. However, the difference in efficacy between the Zotarolimus and Paclitaxel-eluting stents in unselected Turkish patients is controversial. Therefore, we investigated the clinical outcomes of these two drug-eluting stents in the real-world. METHODS: We created a registry and prospectively analyzed data on a consecutive series of all patients who presented to our institution with symptomatic coronary artery disease between February 2005 and March 2007 and who were treated with the zotarolimus- or the paclitaxel-eluting stent. The follow-up period was approximately two years. The primary end-point was major cardiac events, and the secondary end-point was definite stent thrombosis. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and the study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee. RESULTS: In total, 217 patients were treated with either the zotarolimus-eluting stent (n = 116) or the paclitaxel-eluting stent (n = 101). The lesions in the 2 arms of the study were treated similarly by conventional technique. At 24-month follow-up the paclitaxel-eluting stent group showed significantly higher non-Q wave myocardial infarction (2.6% vs 5.9%, p: 0.02), Q wave myocardial infarction (1.7% vs 5.9%, p: 0.049), coronary artery binding graft surgery (2.6% vs 6.9%, p: 0.002), and late stent thrombosis (1.7% vs 3.9%, p: 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Zotarolimus-eluting stents demonstrated better clinical outcomes than Paclitaxel-eluting stents in a daily routine practice of coronary intervention in an unselected Turkish population.

Efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents compared with paclitaxel-eluting stents in an unselected population with coronary artery disease: 24-month outcomes of patients in a prospective non-randomized registry in Southern Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of drug-eluting stents has been shown in randomized trials, but some controversy exists regarding which stent sirolimus-eluting or paclitaxel-eluting is more effective in unselected Turkish patients. Therefore, we investigated the clinical outcomes of patients who were treated with one type of these drug-eluting stents in the real world. METHODS: We created a registry and prospectively analyzed data on a consecutive series of all patients who presented to our institution with symptomatic coronary artery disease between February 2005 and March 2007 and who were treated with the sirolimus- or the paclitaxel-eluting stent. The follow-up period after stent implantation was approximately 24 months. The primary end point was a major cardiac event, and the secondary end point was stent thrombosis. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and the study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee. RESULTS: In total, 204 patients were treated with either the sirolimus-eluting stent (n = 103) or the paclitaxel-eluting stent (n = 101). The lesions in the 2 arms of the study were treated similarly by conventional technique. At 24-month follow-up, patients who received the paclitaxel-eluting stent showed significantly higher rates of non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (1.9% vs 5.9%; P: .002), target vessel revascularization (1.9% vs 4.9%; P: .002), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (1.9% vs 6.9%; P: .001), and late stent thrombosis (1.9% vs 3.9%, P: .002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received the sirolimus-eluting stent showed better clinical outcomes compared with those who had the paclitaxel-eluting-stent.

The predictive value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide for the recurrence of atrial fibrillation six months after external cardioversion.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level for the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after successful cardioversion in patients with persistent AF. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 58 patients (36 females, 22 males; mean age 59 years) with preserved left ventricular function, who underwent successful electrical cardioversion for persistent AF. Plasma BNP levels were measured before, 30 minutes and six months after cardioversion and electrocardiography was performed to assess AF recurrence. Echocardiography was performed in all the patients before cardioversion. RESULTS: At six months, 38 patients (65.5%) were in sinus rhythm (SR), whereas 20 patients (34.5%) reverted to AF. The mean baseline BNP level was significantly higher than that measured 30 minutes after cardioversion (255.6+/-159.6 pg/ml vs 70.5+/-57.0 pg/ml; p=0.00006). Patients who reverted to AF had significantly higher baseline (p=0.035) and six-month (p=0.001) BNP levels. In addition, they had a significantly greater decrease in BNP levels 30 minutes after cardioversion than patients who remained in SR (-271.9+/-42.4 pg/ml vs -139.4+/-25.3 pg/ml; p=0.008). ROC analysis of this drop with the cutoff value of 200 pg/ml predicted AF recurrence at six months with 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity. There were no correlations between baseline BNP level and duration of AF. However, left atrium diameter showed a significant negative correlation with the baseline BNP level (for = or <40 mm, 41-45 mm, and = or >45 mm: 394.6 pg/ml, 206.5 pg/ml, and 198.5 pg/ml, respectively; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: In patients with persistent AF, baseline plasma BNP level and the magnitude of its decrease after successful cardioversion may predict AF recurrence.

Association of metabolic syndrome with impaired heart rate recovery and low exercise capacity in young male adults.

BACKGROUND: Impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) is a powerful predictor of overall mortality. AIM: The aim of the present study is to assess HRR in young adult males with metabolic syndrome and to compare HRR with those of obese patients who do not meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-four newly diagnosed and untreated young male subjects (24 +/- 3 years) with metabolic syndrome and 40 age and sex matched obese or overweight control subjects (ages 23 +/- 3 years) were enrolled in the study. All subjects performed a symptom limited exercise stress test under the standard Bruce protocol. HRR was calculated in the first, second and third minutes of the recovery period. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and HRR was evaluated via logistic regression analysis and a P-value < 0.05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) was 38.6 +/- 3.68 and 32.22 +/- 2.99 kg/m(2) in the study and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and fasting glucose levels were significantly higher in the study group. HRR in the first minute of the recovery period and mean exercise capacity were significantly lower in the study-group patients with metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSION: We determined that HRR was impaired in young adult males with metabolic syndrome compared with obese ones who do not meet the criteria of metabolic syndrome. This decreased HRR may have prognostic value in the prediction of vascular events in patients with metabolic syndrome.