ABSTRACT
Introduction : Le rétinoblastome est une tumeur intra oculaire embryonnaire hautement maligne de l'enfant. Il met le plus souvent en jeu le pronostic visuel et fonctionnel en absence de prise en charge précoce. Méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude ambidirectionnelle, réalisée sur une période de 30 mois à l'Hôpital Saint André de Tinré. Elle a concerné tous les enfants suivis dans cet hôpital pour le rétinoblastome. Résultats : La fréquence du rétinoblastome était de 0,73% (41/5592 patients). L''âge moyen des enfants était de 35,60 ± 15,70 mois. Une prédominance était observée à 51,22% avec un sex-ratio de 0,95. Les principaux signes cliniques étaient repésentés par l'exophtalmie à 46,34% et la leucocorie à 39,02%. La notion de consanguinité était retrouvée dans 7,32% des cas. Selon la classification internationale, les groupes D et E étaient les plus représentés dans 36,59% chacun. Le traitement a consisté en une énucléation pour 26 yeux (soit 63,43%) parmi lesquels 36,59% ont reçu une chimiothérapie néoadjuvante et 2,44% une chimiothérapie adjuvante. L'évolution a été marquée par la survenue de la guérison chez 3 patients (soit 7,32%) et la récidive chez 2 patients (4,88%) avec 78,05% des patients qui étaient perdus de vue. Conclusion : L'amélioration de la prise en charge du rétinoblastome nécessite une sensibilisation de la population sur ses signes d'appels mais aussi le renforcement de la relation médecin et parents de ces enfants pour une bonne adhérence thérapeutique.
Introduction: Retinoblastoma is a highly malignant intraocular embryonic tumor in children. It more often brings into play the visual and functional prognosis in the absence of early treatment. Method: This was an ambidirectional study, carried out over a period of 30 months at Saint André Hospital in Tinré. It concerned all the children followed in this hospital for retinoblastoma. Results: The frequency of retinoblastoma was 0.73% (41/5592 patients). The average age of the children was 35.60 ± 15.70 months. A predominance was observed at 51.22% with a sex ratio of 0.95. The main clinical signs were represented by exophthalmos at 46.34% and leukocoria at 39.02%. The notion of consanguinity was found in 7.32% of cases. According to the international classification, groups D and E were the most represented in 36.59% each. The treatment consisted of enucleation for 26 eyes (63.43%) of which 36.59% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 2.44% adjuvant chemotherapy. The course was marked by the onset of healing in 3 patients (7.32%) and recurrence in 2 patients (4.88%) with 78.05% of the patients who were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Improving the management of retinoblastoma requires raising public awareness of its warning signs but also strengthening the relationship between the doctor and the parents of these children for good therapeutic adherence
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Retinoblastoma , Therapeutics , Epidemiology , Disease Progression , DiagnosisABSTRACT
An increase in anthropogenic activities in coastal regions can put at risk their flora and fauna and their ecosystem services. Therefore, it is important to evaluate possible impacts. In particular, we need to understand the links between contaminants concentrations and the hydrodynamic patterns of these highly productive regions to anticipate the effects of contaminants in the environment. Towards that aim there is the need to carry out regular campaigns to monitor the evolution of the coastal systems. In this work we analyse in-situ measurements of physico-chemical parameters, and look for possible relations between observed contaminants patterns and estuarine hydrodynamics. Data collected in the Douro estuary, one of the main estuarine regions of the Iberian western coast, revealed the presence of 5 hazardous and noxious substances (HNS), 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 6 trace metals in water and sediment samples. Water temperature and salinity analysis revealed a strong variability, which can affect the water solubility properties and the organisms' tolerance to certain toxins. A relationship between the salinity and the HNS and PAHs concentrations was found, caused by the existence of a salt-wedge that triggers the salting-out effect. Sinker contaminants (PAHs and trace metals) can be re-suspended both during low and high flow conditions associated with the salt-wedge and with strong river flows. Floater contaminants (HNS) are completely depended on the tide, which has the capacity to distribute them through the entire estuary, during low river flow regimes. However, strong river flows, with associated river plumes, can distribute both sinker and floater contaminants to the coastal region trapping them over the inner-shelf. The results clearly show that hydrodynamic patterns are a major driver for contaminants dispersion and pathways in coastal areas, inducing harmful effects to the flora and fauna and, consequently, to the ecosystem services of these regions.
ABSTRACT
The wide range of plant responses to ammonium nutrition can be used to study the way ammonium interferes with plant metabolism and to assess some characteristics related with ammonium tolerance by plants. In this work we investigated the hypothesis of plant tolerance to ammonium being related with the plants' capacity to maintain high levels of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the roots. Plants of several species (Spinacia oleracea L., Lycopersicon esculentum L., Lactuca sativa L., Pisum sativum L. and Lupinus albus L.) were grown in the presence of distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 mM) of nitrate and ammonium. The relative contributions of the activity of the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS; under light and dark conditions) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were determined. The main plant organs of nitrogen assimilation (root or shoot) to plant tolerance to ammonium were assessed. The results show that only plants that are able to maintain high levels of GS activity in the dark (either in leaves or in roots) and high root GDH activities accumulate equal amounts of biomass independently of the nitrogen source available to the root medium and thus are ammonium tolerant. Plant species with high GS activities in the dark coincide with those displaying a high capacity for nitrogen metabolism in the roots. Therefore, the main location of nitrogen metabolism (shoots or roots) and the levels of GS activity in the dark are an important strategy for plant ammonium tolerance. The relative contribution of each of these parameters to species tolerance to ammonium is assessed. The efficient sequestration of ammonium in roots, presumably in the vacuoles, is considered as an additional mechanism contributing to plant tolerance to ammonium nutrition.
