Diversity under a magnifier lens: the case of Typhlotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) in the N Atlantic.

Research focusing on 'stout-bodied' typhlotanaids collected from several sites around Iceland and adjacent N Atlantic region has resulted in the description of 15 species new to science, as well as the creation of eight new genera. Typhlotanais eximius Hansen, 1913 is redescribed and transferred to a new genus, while Typhlotanais crassus and Peraeospinosus adipatus are transferred to the genus Larsenotanais. The morphological and the molecular data were combined to consolidate and confirm the validity of the results obtained from both approaches. The polyphyletic nature of the Typhlotanaidae and its serious of its taxonomic diversity are emphasized, although molecular analysis reveals that the 'stout-bodied' Typhlotanaidae form monophyletic clade. Depth and temperature are identified as the main environmental parameters determining the distribution of this group of Typhlotanaidae. Several species are clearly associated with the shelf and upper bathyal of Iceland. The Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge is shown to be a distinct zoogeographical barrier for typhlotanaids inhabiting the deeper slope and abyssal regions around Iceland.

Additions to the Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) of Rangitâhua, the Kermadec Islands, from the Southwest Pacific Expedition 2017.

Four new species or morphospecies of tanaidaceans, all of small size (c. 1 mm), from the Rangitâhua-Kermadecs component of the Southwest Pacific Expedition 2017 survey are recorded and described: Collettea coralensis n. sp., leptocheliid sp.RK#1, Psalidichelia concinna n. g. n. sp., and Stachyops cf. sebparri. Six had been described or recorded from the earlier Kermadec Biodiscovery Expedition 2011: Aparatanais tetradonta, Chondrochelia acrolophus, Metatanais progenitor, Paradoxapseudes floppae, Tanais sp., and Zeuxo kermadecensis. This brings the number of known tanaid species from the Rangitâhua/Kermadecs group to ten. The records of the Collettea species are notable for the shallow depths from which they were collected, 4-18 m, and the habitats sampled: coral rubble, coral encrusts on rocks, and red algae.

Two new apseudomorphan species (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Metapseudidae) from Mo'orea Island (Society Islands, French Polynesia) with taxonomic keys.

Previous information on the taxonomy and distribution of the crustacean order Tanaidacea occurring within the widely-dispersed Polynesian Archipelago has been limited to four nominal species, Apseudes rikiteanus Nobili, Apseudes seurati Nobili, Zeuxo seurati (Nobili) and Tanzanapseudes polynesiensis Müller. Based on specimens collected between 2009 and 2011 from coastal waters of Mo'orea Island (Society Islands, French Polynesia), two new metapseudid tanaidaceans, Apseudomorpha drummi and Cryptapseudes mamua, are described. Keys to the identification of species currently placed within the genera Apseudomorpha Gutu and Cryptapseudes Bacescu are provided.

Origin and Fate of Vanadium in the Hazeltine Creek Catchment following the 2014 Mount Polley Mine Tailings Spill in British Columbia, Canada.

Results from the analysis of aqueous and solid-phase V speciation within samples collected from the Hazeltine Creek catchment affected by the August 2014 Mount Polley mine tailings dam failure in British Columbia, Canada, are presented. Electron microprobe and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis found that V is present as V3+ substituted into magnetite and V3+ and V4+ substituted into titanite, both of which occur in the spilled Mount Polley tailings. Secondary Fe oxyhydroxides forming in inflow waters and on creek beds have V K-edge XANES spectra exhibiting E1/2 positions and pre-edge features consistent with the presence of V5+ species, suggesting sorption of this species on these secondary phases. PHREEQC modeling suggests that the stream waters mostly contain V5+ and the inflow and pore waters contain a mixture of V3+ and V5+. These data, and stream, inflow, and pore water chemical data, suggest that dissolution of V(III)-bearing magnetite, V(III)- and V(IV)-bearing titanite, V(V)-bearing Fe(-Al-Si-Mn) oxhydroxides, and V-bearing Al(OH)3 and/or clay minerals may have occurred. In the circumneutral pH environment of Hazeltine Creek, elevated V concentrations are likely naturally attenuated by formation of V(V)-bearing secondary Fe oxyhydroxide, Al(OH)3, or clay mineral colloids, suggesting that the V is not bioavailable. A conceptual model describing the origin and fate of V in Hazeltine Creek that is applicable to other river systems is presented.

Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Southern French Polynesia Expedition, 2014. I. Tanaidomorpha.

Shallow-water and littoral tanaids from the Southern French Polynesia Expedition, 2014 to Rapa Iti, Morane, Taravai and Mangareva, were examined with the tanaidomorphs represented by nine taxa, four of them described as new species within the genera Chondrochelia, Poorea, Triparatanais, and Zeuxoides. A new paratanaid genus is established, Periparatanais n. gen., and Nobili's Tanais seurati is rediscovered and redescribed as a species distinct from the Hawai'ian Zeuxo insularis n. comb. A broad comparison of tanaid faunas across the Polynesian and eastern Indo-Pacific regions based on the Marine Ecosystems of the World (MEOW) classification shows almost no species-level correspondences but several genera within four apseudomorphan and three tanaidomorphan families are consistently present.

Phylogenetic and functional evidence suggests that deep-ocean ecosystems are highly sensitive to environmental change and direct human disturbance.

An understanding of the balance of interspecific competition and the physical environment in structuring organismal communities is crucial because those communities structured primarily by their physical environment typically exhibit greater sensitivity to environmental change than those structured predominantly by competitive interactions. Here, using detailed phylogenetic and functional information, we investigate this question in macrofaunal assemblages from Northwest Atlantic Ocean continental slopes, a high seas region projected to experience substantial environmental change through the current century. We demonstrate assemblages to be both phylogenetically and functionally under-dispersed, and thus conclude that the physical environment, not competition, may dominate in structuring deep-ocean communities. Further, we find temperature and bottom trawling intensity to be among the environmental factors significantly related to assemblage diversity. These results hint that deep-ocean communities are highly sensitive to their physical environment and vulnerable to environmental perturbation, including by direct disturbance through fishing, and indirectly through the changes brought about by climate change.

Marsupial brood care in Cretaceous tanaidaceans.

Parental care in animal evolution has long fascinated biologists, but tracing this complex of behavioural repertoires is challenging, as these transitory states often leave no corporeal traces as fossils. Among modern invertebrates, the tanaidaceans (Malacostraca: Peracarida), a lineage of marsupial crustaceans, show an interesting variety of brooding strategies. Here we report on fossil tanaidaceans from the Cretaceous of Spain and France that provide conclusive evidence for marsupial care of brood-offspring. Two exceptionally preserved female specimens of Alavatanais carabe and A. margulisae from Late Albian Peñacerrada I amber (Spain) possess four pairs of rudimentary oostegites, indicating formation of a marsupium. From Recent data, given the taxonomic distribution of a marsupium of four pairs of oostegites, we hypothesize that this may be plesiomorphic for the Tanaidomorpha. We also report on a peculiar tanaidacean specimen referable to the fossil family Alavatanaidae, Daenerytanais maieuticus gen. et sp. nov., from Early Cenomanian La Buzinie amber (France), preserved with its marsupial pouch and content. Our discoveries provide early evidence of the peracarid reproductive strategy, as seen in modern Tanaidacea, and argue that this form of parental care may have played a role in the diversification of the lineage during this period.

The synonymy of the genus Permixtimella Gutu, 2016 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) with Ektraleptochelia Bamber & Marshall, 2015 and remarks on other leptocheliid taxa.

Gutu (2016) described a new subfamily, seven new genera and 21 new species in the family Leptocheliidae. However, another five genera and twelve new species, not mentioned by him, were described in 2015 and 2016. Study of the overlooked genera reveals that the morphology of the female of Permixtimella (genus described from both sexes) is similar to those of the type-female of the genus Ektraleptochelia (whose male is unknown). Permixtimella is considered a junior synonym of Ektraleptochelia, which includes two species: E. phoxops and E. oculifurcillata. The place of Ektraleptochelia, Catenarius and Larsmentia within leptocheliid systematics, formerly in the subfamily Catenariinae, is reconsidered and the last genus retained. Some similarities between the females of Nuberis and Bathyleptochelia are presented for the first time. The species Leptochelia acrolophus, L. mexicana, L. ortizi, L. taitungensis and L. grandidentata are transferred to other genera, becoming Chondrochelia acrolophus, C. mexicana, C. ortizi, C. taitungensis and Makassaritanais grandidentatus, respectively. The species Leptochelia pinarensis and L. suhi are considered a junior synonym of Leptochelia forresti and Makassaritanais grandidentatus, respectively.

New deep-sea Paratanaoidea (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea) from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.

One new genus is erected and four new species of paratanaoidean tanaidaceans are described from deep waters in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: one in each of the genera Collettea, Tanaella, and Pseudomacrinella, and one as a new genus in the family Anarthruridae. Keys to species in the genera Collettea, Tanaella, and the genera of the Anarthruridae are provided.

The influence of the scale of mining activity and mine site remediation on the contamination legacy of historical metal mining activity.

Globally, thousands of kilometres of rivers are degraded due to the presence of elevated concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) sourced from historical metal mining activity. In many countries, the presence of contaminated water and river sediment creates a legal requirement to address such problems. Remediation of mining-associated point sources has often been focused upon improving river water quality; however, this study evaluates the contaminant legacy present within river sediments and attempts to assess the influence of the scale of mining activity and post-mining remediation upon the magnitude of PHE contamination found within contemporary river sediments. Data collected from four exemplar catchments indicates a strong relationship between the scale of historical mining, as measured by ore output, and maximum PHE enrichment factors, calculated versus environmental quality guidelines. The use of channel slope as a proxy measure for the degree of channel-floodplain coupling indicates that enrichment factors for PHEs in contemporary river sediments may also be the highest where channel-floodplain coupling is the greatest. Calculation of a metric score for mine remediation activity indicates no clear influence of the scale of remediation activity and PHE enrichment factors for river sediments. It is suggested that whilst exemplars of significant successes at improving post-remediation river water quality can be identified; river sediment quality is a much more long-lasting environmental problem. In addition, it is suggested that improvements to river sediment quality do not occur quickly or easily as a result of remediation actions focused a specific mining point sources. Data indicate that PHEs continue to be episodically dispersed through river catchments hundreds of years after the cessation of mining activity, especially during flood flows. The high PHE loads of flood sediments in mining-affected river catchments and the predicted changes to flood frequency, especially, in many river catchments, provides further evidence of the need to enact effective mine remediation strategies and to fully consider the role of river sediments in prolonging the environmental legacy of historical mine sites.

Field-scale study of the influence of differing remediation strategies on trace metal geochemistry in metal mine tailings from the Irish Midlands.

Mine tailings represent a globally significant source of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) to the environment. The management of large volumes of mine tailings represents a major challenge to the mining industry and environmental managers. This field-scale study evaluates the impact of two highly contrasting remediation approaches to the management and stabilisation of mine tailings. The geochemistry of the tailings, overlying amendment layers and vegetation are examined in the light of the different management approaches. Pseudo-total As, Cd and Pb concentrations and solid-state partitioning (speciation), determined via sequential extraction, were established for two Tailings Management Facilities (TMFs) in Ireland subjected to the following: (1) a 'walk-away' approach (Silvermines) and (2) application of an amendment layer (Galmoy). PHE concentrations in roots and herbage of grasses growing on the TMFs were also determined. Results identify very different PHE concentration profiles with depth through the TMFs and the impact of remediation approach on concentrations and their potential bioavailability in the rooting zone of grass species. Data also highlight the importance of choice of grass species in remediation approaches and the benefits of relatively shallow-rooting Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra varieties. In addition, data from the Galmoy TMF indicate the importance of regional soil geochemistry for interpreting the influence of the PHE geochemistry of capping and amendment layers applied to mine tailings.

The first pagurapseudid species (Peracarida: Tanaidacea) from New Zealand with remarks on paguridean (Decapoda: Paguridea) and pagurapseudid convergence and competition.

A new species of pagurapseudid, Macrolabrum maui, is described from the lower eulittoral rocky shore on the East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand. It is similar to M. haikung from Bass Strait, Australia and M. distonyx from New Caledonia. Males and females show little dimorphism. Typical of the subfamily Pagurapseudinae, M. maui inhabits shells of micro-molluscs such as the gastropods Eatoniella, Merelina, and Pisinna. A dichotomous key to the species of Macrolabrum is given. Possible competition for micro-mollusc shells between small pagurideans, notably their glaucothoe stage, and pagurapseudids is considered based on their convergent morphologies and on body sizes.

Development and application of an inhalation bioaccessibility method (IBM) for lead in the PM10 size fraction of soil.

An approach for assessing the inhalation bioaccessibility of Pb in the PM10 size fraction is presented, using an in vitro simulated epithelial lung fluid to represent the extracellular environment of the lung. The developed inhalation bioaccessibility method (IBM) is applied to a range of urban surface soils and mining wastes obtained from Mitrovica, Kosovo, a site where impacts upon human health following exposure to Pb have been internationally publicised. All Pb determinations were undertaken by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The pseudo-total concentration of Pb (microwave acid digestion using aqua-regia) varied between matrices: smelter (20,900-72,800mgkg(-1)), topsoil (274-13,700mgkg(-1)), and tailings (2990mgkg(-1)-25,300mgkg(-1)). The in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility was typically several orders of magnitude lower: smelter (7.0-965mgkg(-1)), topsoil (9.8-1060mgkg(-1)), and tailings (0.7mgkg(-1)-49.2mgkg(-1)). The % inhalation bioaccessibility ranged from 0.02 to 11.0%, with the higher inhalation bioaccessible Pb concentrations being observed for samples from the Bosniak Mahalla area of Mitrovica (an area proposed for the relocation of internally displaced peoples). The estimated inhalation dose (for adults) calculated from the PM10 pseudo-total Pb concentration ranged from 0.369 to 1.284µgkg(-1)BWday(-1) (smelter), 0.005-0.242µgkg(-1)BWday(-1) (topsoil), and 0.053-0.446µgkg(-1)BWday(-1) (tailings). When daily inhalation doses were calculated using the bioaccessible Pb concentration the modelled exposure doses were much lower: smelter (0.0001-0.0170µgkg(-1)BWday(-1)), topsoil (0.0002-0.0187µgkg(-1)BWday(-1)) and tailings (0.0001-0.0009µgkg(-1)BWday(-1)). Modelled for the neutral pH conditions of the interstitial lung environment, the results indicate a low potential inhalation bioaccessibility for Pb in these samples. Given the already elevated environmental Pb burden experienced by the local population, where significant prolonged dust or particulate generating activities are taking place, or where the inhaled particles are phagocytized, then inhalation exposure has the potential to significantly add to the overall Pb burden. Such data are important for local policy makers to better enable them to assess risk, especially in areas where soils/dusts have elevated levels of contamination.

The ANDEEP Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) revisited I: the family Agathotanaidae Lang, with description of four new species.

Specimens collected during the ANDEEP I and II expeditions revealed a number of new species of tanaidacean from the family Agathotanaidae. One new species of Metagathotanais (M. furcilla), two of Paragathotanais (P. diunguisus, P. triunguisus) and one of Paranarthrura, (P. coimbrai) are described in this study. Metagathotanais furcilla can be separated from all other species by the incomplete fusion of the pleonites and the presence of dorsodistal spines of the propodi of pereopods 4-6. Paragathotanais diunguisus can be separated from all other species by the pereopod propodi with numerous distal spines and the numbers of spiniform setae on the pereopod 4-6 dactylus. Paragathotanais triunguisus can be separated from all other species by the numbers of spiniform setae on the pereopod 4-6 dactyli and the lack of maxilliped endite setae. Paranarthrura coinbrai can be separated from most other species on the spines on the propodi and ungues of pereopods 4-6. A key is given to the agathotanaids in the Antarctic/Subantarctic sector. This brings the number of agathotanaid species recorded from the Subantarctic and Antarctic sectors of the Atlantic to nine.

New littoral, shelf, and bathyal Paratanaidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea) from New Zealand, with descriptions of three new genera.

Three new genera, Acallocheirus, Aparatanais, and Penteparatanais, and seven new species of the paratanaid subfamily Paratanaidinae are described from New Zealand. New records of three previously known species Atemtanais taikaha, Paratanais paraoa, and P. tara, are also given. Paratanais denticulatus, P. intermedius, P. malignus, P. spinanotandus,and P. vicentetis are transferred to Aparatanais. A key is given to all paratanaidin genera and the NZ Paratanais species. In NZ waters, paratanaids are now known from the littoral zone to 908 m in the bathyal regions of the Chatham Rise and Hikurangi Margin, several of the offshore species being recorded in bryozoan mats. All but one appear to be endemic but may have sibling species elsewhere, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplementary notes are given on two Australian species P. maleficus and P. perturbatius that clarify their description and diagnostic characters.

Provenancing anthropogenic Pb within the fluvial environment: developments and challenges in the use of Pb isotopes.

The potentially deleterious presence of ore-derived Pb within riverine environments has been a long-term impact of industrial and anthropogenic activity in general. The surface drainage network has been widely established as a key transport mechanism and storage environment for anthropogenically-derived Pb and other potentially harmful trace metals. Lead isotopes ((204)Pb, (206)Pb, (207)Pb, (208)Pb) have been utilized as a geochemical tracer of Pb origin in a variety of environmental media, notably in atmospheric aerosols. However, given the relative complexity of dispersal processes within riverine environments, the use of Pb isotopes as geochemical tracers has been relatively limited and it is only relatively recently that a growing body of research has applied Pb isotopes to provenancing fluvially-dispersed Pb. This paper seeks to synthesize the developments in the use of Pb isotopes within riverine environments. In doing so it outlines the Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and associated analytical developments, and assesses the application of Pb isotopes in establishing the origin and dispersal mechanisms of anthropogenically- and geogenically-derived Pb at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Of particular importance are the approaches quantifying source inputs using Pb isotopic signatures and the challenges faced, and options available in quantifying source inputs at the catchment scale; where Pb may be sourced from a variety (n=>2) of sources. The Pb isotopic signature of contemporary riverine Pb loads is shown to reflect a spatially complex influence of mineralization chemistry, anthropogenic activity as well as the hydro-morphological controls exerted upon Pb release, dispersal and storage. In relation to this, the long-term environmental legacy, and its influence upon Pb fingerprinting studies, of tetra-ethyl Pb, sourced from the combustion of leaded-petrol is also discussed. Finally, this paper places the use of Pb isotopes in the context of recently developed Cu and Zn isotopic fingerprinting techniques and assesses the role of Pb, Cu and Zn isotopes in a multi-proxy approach to geochemical tracing.

Quantifying sediment-associated metal dispersal using Pb isotopes: application of binary and multivariate mixing models at the catchment-scale.

In this study Pb isotope signatures were used to identify the provenance of contaminant metals and establish patterns of downstream sediment dispersal within the River Maritsa catchment, which is impacted by the mining of polymetallic ores. A two-fold modelling approach was undertaken to quantify sediment-associated metal delivery to the Maritsa catchment; employing binary mixing models in tributary systems and a composite fingerprinting and mixing model approach in the wider Maritsa catchment. Composite fingerprints were determined using Pb isotopic and multi-element geochemical data to characterize sediments delivered from tributary catchments. Application of a mixing model allowed a quantification of the percentage contribution of tributary catchments to the sediment load of the River Maritsa. Sediment delivery from tributaries directly affected by mining activity contributes 42-63% to the sediment load of the River Maritsa, with best-fit regression relationships indicating that sediments originating from mining-affected tributaries are being dispersed over 200 km downstream.

Heavy metals in potable groundwater of mining-affected river catchments, northwestern Romania.

Groundwater, accessed using wells and municipal springs, represents the major source of potable water for the human population outside of major urban areas in northwestern Romania, a region with a long history of metal mining and metallurgy. The magnitude and spatial distribution of metal contamination in private-supply groundwater was investigated in four mining-affected river catchments in Maramures and Satu Mare Counties through the collection of 144 groundwater samples. Bedrock geology, pH and Eh were found to be important controls on the solubility of metals in groundwater. Peak metal concentrations were found to occur in the Lapus catchment, where metal levels exceed Dutch target and intervention values in up to 49% and 14% of samples, respectively. A 700 m wide corridor in the Lapus catchment on either side of the main river channel was identified in which peak Cd (31 µg l(-1)), Cu (50 µg l(-1)), Pb (50 µg l(-1)) and Zn (3,000 µg l(-1)) concentrations were found to occur. Given the generally similar bedrock geologies, lower metal levels in other catchments are believed to reflect differences in the magnitude of metal loading to the local environment from both metal mining and other industrial and municipal sources. Sampling of groundwater in northwestern Romania has indicated areas of potential concern for human health, where heavy metal concentrations exceed accepted environmental quality guidelines. The presence of elevated metal levels in groundwater also has implications for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and achieving 'good' status for groundwater in this part of the Danube River Basin District (RBD).