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1.
Public Health ; 228: 147-149, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38354584

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Misinformation is currently recognised by the World Health Organization as an apparent threat to public health. This study aimed to provide an outline of published evidence on misinformation related to the potentially life-saving interventions - first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). STUDY DESIGN: A scoping review. METHODS: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. English-language publications describing original studies that evaluated the quality of publicly available information on first aid and/or CPR were included without limitations to the year of publication. RESULTS: Forty-four original studies published between 1982 and 2023 were reviewed. Annual number of publications varied from 0 to 6. The studies have focused on the evaluation of information concerning initial care of cardiac arrest, choking, heart attack, poisoning, burns, and other emergencies. Forty three studies (97.7 %) have reported varying frequencies of misinformation, when public sources, including websites, YouTube videos, and modern artificial intelligence-based chatbots, omitted life-saving instructions on first aid or CPR or contained incorrect information that contradicted relevant international guidelines. Eleven studies (25.0 %) have also revealed potentially harmful advice, which, if followed by an unsuspecting person, may cause direct injury or death of a victim. CONCLUSIONS: Misinformation concerning CPR and first aid cannot be ignored and demands close attention from relevant stakeholders to mitigate its harmful impacts. More studies are urgently needed to determine optimal methods for detecting and measuring misinformation, to understand mechanisms that drive its spread, and to develop effective measures to correct and prevent misinformation.


Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Heart Arrest , Humans , First Aid/adverse effects , First Aid/methods , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/adverse effects , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Artificial Intelligence , Heart Arrest/diagnosis , Heart Arrest/etiology , Language
2.
Mikrobiol Z ; 59(2): 96-105, 1997.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9221064

ABSTRACT

The review includes the analysis of the world literature (1913-1995) about the problems of interrelations, between microorganisms (microphytic algae and cyanobacteria) and marine mammals (whales and dolphins). Special attention is payed to the parasitological, bioindicative and toxicological aspects of microalgae inhabiting the surface of the skin integuments and respiratory organs of cetaceans, as well as their environment. There is the list of the algal species overgrowing the animals bodies and their hosts. The most of the epibionts are belonging to diatoms, there are also some cyanobacteria and green algae. The probability of the influence of the algological factor on the hosts health and a possibility of the microalgae use to evaluate the status of animals and their environment have been discussed.


Subject(s)
Cetacea , Eukaryota/pathogenicity , Animal Diseases , Animals , Cetacea/parasitology , Dinoflagellida , Eukaryota/classification , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Respiratory System , Skin
3.
Mikrobiol Z ; 58(5): 100-6, 1996.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9044706

ABSTRACT

DNA- and RNA-genome viruses of whales and dolphins belong to families Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Togaviridae, Picornaviridae. Virological, serological and pathomorphological signs of infection have been registered in Odontoceti (bottle-nosed dolphin, Atlantic white-sided dolphin, striped dolphin, harbona porpoise, white-beaked dolphin, common dolphin, sperm whale, pilot whale, white whale) and Musticeti (sei whale, fin whale, gray whale, and bowheaded whale). A brief characteristic of diseases is presented. No relations of some viruses with pathologic states of Cetacea were found.


Subject(s)
DNA Viruses/classification , Dolphins/virology , RNA Viruses/classification , Whales/virology , Animals , DNA Viruses/isolation & purification , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Virus Diseases/veterinary , Virus Diseases/virology
4.
Cor Vasa ; 33(1): 75-81, 1991.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1914469

ABSTRACT

In 35 guinea pigs a model of pneumonia was produced by transtracheal introduction of a sterile string. Electron microscopic study revealed that in the early stage of pneumonia (3-14 days after onset) endothelial cells in the capillaries of alveolar walls develop changes aimed at intensification of their function in sustaining an enhanced transcapillary gas exchange. In the following stage (1-4 months) endothelial cells develop progressing dystrophic changes leading to structural and functional disturbance of the blood-oxygen barrier. The dystrophic changes in endothelial cells develop later than those in alveolar epithelium.


Subject(s)
Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure , Lung/blood supply , Pneumonia/pathology , Animals , Capillaries/physiopathology , Capillaries/ultrastructure , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Female , Guinea Pigs , Male , Pneumonia/physiopathology
5.
Biull Eksp Biol Med ; 109(5): 489-92, 1990 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2378966

ABSTRACT

In the results of complex investigation of the lungs of 26 white rats, it was established, that there is the suppression of surface active properties of surfactant under influence of ethanol. In acute poisoning this suppression is associated with direct injury of surfactant with ethanol and inactivation of surfactant with serum proteins, which appear in the alveolar space because of the edema of air-haematic barrier. In prolonged influence the suppression of the surface activity of surfactant is due to the increase of its catabolism with alveolar macrophages.


Subject(s)
Alcoholic Intoxication/pathology , Blood-Air Barrier/drug effects , Ethanol/pharmacology , Lung/ultrastructure , Surface-Active Agents/analysis , Alcoholic Intoxication/physiopathology , Animals , Blood-Air Barrier/physiology , Macrophages/metabolism , Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism , Pulmonary Alveoli/ultrastructure , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains
6.
Z Erkr Atmungsorgane ; 175(1): 24-31, 1990.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2219990

ABSTRACT

The study of changes of ultrastructure of air-blood-barrier components in comparison with indices of surfactant surface activity was carried out on fragments of lung tissue, cut from 36 patients with bronchiectasis, chronic abscess and fibrosis of post-pneumonic nature. Our data indicate, that in patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases the areas, more distant from the focus of affection, have changes, involving all the components of air-blood-barrier. Dystrophic and destructive processes, taking place in some pneumocytes of the 2nd type, result in suppression of the surface active characteristics of surfactant. On the other hand, processes of compensatory nature, directed to making up a deficiency of surfactant, take place.


Subject(s)
Blood-Air Barrier/physiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/pathology , Pulmonary Surfactants/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Basement Membrane/pathology , Bronchiectasis/pathology , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Female , Humans , Lung Abscess/pathology , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology
7.
Arkh Patol ; 52(2): 10-4, 1990.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2353893

ABSTRACT

Combined study of lungs of 85 foetuses and newborns of various gestational age and 8 newborns dying during the first month of life showed the lung surfactant (LS) system to develop in parallel with formation of respiratory parts and lung capillary network. The level of the LS surface activity increases with the increase of the duration of pregnancy and is determined by the maturation degree of the type II alveolocytes. Changes of the surface activity of the lung extract surface-active fraction in the process of lung maturation correlate with the fractional phospholipid distribution. Morphofunctional immaturity of lungs is characterized, besides histological features, by the ultrastructural immaturity of the type II alveolocytes and biochemical immaturity of LS.


Subject(s)
Lung/embryology , Pulmonary Surfactants/physiology , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Fetal Organ Maturity/physiology , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Lung/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Pulmonary Alveoli/embryology , Pulmonary Alveoli/ultrastructure , Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis
8.
Fiziol Zh (1978) ; 36(1): 91-5, 1990.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2323453

ABSTRACT

Complex examination of lungs in 24 healthy guinea pigs in different periods of day using physicochemical, biochemical and electron-microscopic methods has revealed that the highest surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant (PS) is observed in the evening and at night, as phospholipids contain the highest amount of a surfactant of the phosphatidylcholine fraction the most active in the surface-active respect. An increase in the content of PS phospholipids in this period of the day appears to be a consequence of synthesis and secretion intensification in the second-type alveolocytes, that may be due to an increased effect of the vagus nerve.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveoli/physiology , Pulmonary Surfactants/physiology , Animals , Circadian Rhythm , Female , Guinea Pigs , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology , Pulmonary Alveoli/ultrastructure , Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis , Pulmonary Surfactants/metabolism , Surface Properties
10.
Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter ; (2): 22-4, 1989.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2755718

ABSTRACT

The surface-active properties of lung surfactant were studied in 32 guinea pigs given CCl4 according to a schedule. The surface activity of the surfactant is inhibited in the experimental animals under the effect of hepatotrophic poison (CCl4) due to the disturbed metabolism of its phospholipids, which is a consequence of the diminished lipid-synthesizing function of the liver. Diminution of the surface-active properties of the lung surfactant and disturbance of its qualitative composition may be regarded as the cause of the development of extensive atelectases in the animals' lungs.


Subject(s)
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/metabolism , Pulmonary Surfactants/metabolism , Animals , Guinea Pigs
11.
Biull Eksp Biol Med ; 106(11): 617-21, 1988 Nov.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3196869

ABSTRACT

Ultrastructure of the air-blood barrier and surface surfactant activity were studied at different time periods of nonspecific inflammation of the lungs in guinea pigs. The animals were sacrificed 3 days, 2 weeks and 1, 2 and 4 months after beginning of the experiment. It has been demonstrated that in early periods of lung inflammation there was edema of all components of the air-blood barrier. Subsequent development of inflammation is accompanied by surface activity decrease associated with dystrophic changes in the epithelial cells of alveoli. At the same time there are compensatory changes in the lungs, directed to eliminate deficiency of surfactant.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveoli/ultrastructure , Pulmonary Surfactants/physiology , Animals , Capillaries/ultrastructure , Capillary Permeability , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Guinea Pigs , Microscopy, Electron , Phospholipids/analysis , Pneumonia/physiopathology , Pulmonary Alveoli/blood supply , Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis , Surface Tension , Time Factors
16.
Biull Eksp Biol Med ; 102(9): 277-9, 1986 Sep.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3756324

ABSTRACT

Surface surfactant activity was studied at different time periods of compression atelectasis, induced by hydrothorax in 35 guinea pigs. The animals were slaughtered 30 and 60 minutes or 3, 12 and 24 hours after hydrothorax. It has been demonstrated that experimental compression atelectasis is accompanied by surface activity lowering, associated with disorders in surfactant secretion into the alveolar lumen. The qualitative composition of surfactant phospholipids remains unchanged, which may play an essential role in the recovery of lung tissue aeration.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Atelectasis/metabolism , Pulmonary Surfactants/metabolism , Animals , Female , Guinea Pigs , Male , Phospholipids/metabolism , Surface Tension
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