ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Review selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and treatment recommendations for pharmacists and providers practicing in the acute care setting. SUMMARY: In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an updated guideline on the treatment of STIs with an emphasis on prevention and new diagnostic strategies to combat the growing problem of STIs in the United States. Despite this guidance, the incidence of infection has continued to grow. In October 2016, an in-depth analysis reported that 20 million new infections occur annually in the United States. With this growing burden of disease, it is pertinent that health-care providers optimize their treatment strategies to improve upon the management of STIs. Focusing on identification of asymptomatic- and symptomatic-infected persons, treatment, education, effective follow-up, and counseling for patients and sexual partners, emergency medicine pharmacists and providers can help minimize the negative long-term health consequences of STIs. CONCLUSION: In the emergency department setting, clinical pharmacists and providers can play a crucial role in preventing and treating STIs and should continue to expand and keep current their knowledge of this topic.
Subject(s)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Chlamydia , Counseling , Emergency Service, Hospital , Epididymitis , Female , Gonorrhea , HIV Infections , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Personnel , Humans , Male , Pelvic Inflammatory Disease , Pharmacists , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis , Pregnancy , Sexual Partners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Simplexvirus , Syphilis , Trichomonas Infections , United States , Vaginosis, BacterialABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and potential benefits of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in the management of acute epistaxis. METHODS: Retrospective review was performed among all patients presenting to the institution's emergency department (ED) with epistaxis between September 2014 and August 2016. Patients achieving hemostasis with standard of care agents, such as oxymetazoline, lidocaine, or epinephrine were excluded. The primary outcome was the ED length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included the incidence of hospital admission, otolaryngologist consultation, nasal packing, prophylactic antibiotic use, and ED visit for rebleeding within seven days of treatment. RESULTS: Among 122 patients, 30 received topical TXA (500mg injectable solution soaked onto packing material and applied to the affected nostril) and 92 were managed with standard care. Nearly half (46.7%) of TXA-treated subjects received TXA either alone or in combination with standard of care agents as their initial treatment strategy. No significant difference was observed in the ED LOS (272 vs 232min in TXA and standard care arms, respectively, p=0.26). However, TXA was associated with a significant reduction in otolaryngologist consults (30.0% vs 65.2%, p=0.002) and nasal packing (16.7% vs 23.9%, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation did not demonstrate a significant difference in ED LOS among patients with acute epistaxis treated with topical TXA or standard care. However, this data does add to existing evidence that TXA may be associated with a reduction in resource utilization, suggesting it may provide more effective bleeding control. Overall, more data is needed to confirm the potential benefits of this practice.
