Large changes in Pluto's atmosphere as revealed by recent stellar occultations.

Pluto's tenuous nitrogen atmosphere was first detected by the imprint left on the light curve of a star that was occulted by the planet in 1985 (ref. 1), and studied more extensively during a second occultation event in 1988 (refs 2-6). These events are, however, quite rare and Pluto's atmosphere remains poorly understood, as in particular the planet has not yet been visited by a spacecraft. Here we report data from the first occultations by Pluto since 1988. We find that, during the intervening 14 years, there seems to have been a doubling of the atmospheric pressure, a probable seasonal effect on Pluto.

Doing Our Part So Kids Don't Start. An evaluation of a statewide public awareness campaign.

This article describes outcomes related to the product and process involved in an evaluation of one component of a statewide public awareness campaign, the Doing Our Part So Kids Don't Start toolkit. The campaign was designed to garner support for and to increase compliance with a recent Minnesota law intended to reduce youth access to tobacco. More than 35,000 toolkits were distributed statewide. The results of the evaluation suggest that the toolkit was successful in reaching and engaging its target audience and should be considered a good strategy for disseminating information to a wide variety of individuals, particularly those new to tobacco control, and for encouraging them to participate in preventing tobacco use among youth. Future American Cancer Society endeavors would benefit from considering the needs of both the program planner and program evaluator before implementing new projects or programs.

Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: A case series.

OBJECTIVE: The relative risk of psychotropic medication use in women with puerperal psychiatric illness who are breastfeeding has yet to be quantified adequately. Although the emotional and medical benefits of breastfeeding and adverse effects of maternal depression on infant development are well described, how these absolute benefits weigh against the potential effects of psychotropic drug use during lactation to ultimately guide clinical decisions is still unclear. The objective of this report was to evaluate the extent that psychotropic medications were present in the serum of infants breastfed by mothers treated with antidepressants and benzodiazepines. DESIGN: Serum samples were obtained from 35 nursing infants whose mothers were treated with psychotropic medications while breastfeeding. When a detectable concentration of medication was reported, information regarding infant behavior was obtained by maternal report. SETTING: The Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry Program at Massachusetts General Hospital serves as a regional consultation center for the treatment of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. PATIENTS: Subjects were mothers referred to the Perinatal Psychiatry Program for consultation regarding the relative safety of psychotropic medication use while breastfeeding. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of detectable levels of medication in infants whose mothers breastfed while taking psychotropic medications during pregnancy and/or during the puerperium and the well-being (based on maternal report) of infants who had detectable serum concentrations of medication. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent (n = 26) of infants had serum medication concentrations below the laboratory limit of detection (assay sensitivity 5-50 ng/mL). In the remaining 26% of the sample (n = 9), serum concentrations of psychotropic medications and/or active metabolites were detected. In each of these cases, infants had been exposed to the medication during pregnancy. Medications were not detected in infant serum when mothers had taken these agents solely during the postpartum period. No readily apparent difficulties with the infants were reported by mothers. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the low incidence of infant toxicity and adverse effects associated with antidepressant and benzodiazepine use during breastfeeding. These data also suggest that infant serum monitoring is helpful in the assessment of medication exposure in children of mothers who breastfeed while using psychotropic medications. Given the limited accumulated data regarding serum concentrations of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding infants, no single agent seems to be safer than another. Therefore, choice of pharmacologic treatment should be guided by the likelihood that it will result in restoration of maternal psychiatric well-being.

Responding to public criticism of hospital quality: the Scripps Memorial Hospital-La Jolla case.

Measurement of the appropriateness and quality of medical care with "small area variation analysis" is examined in this report from a hospital in California.