Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Aged , Aging , Female , Humans , Life Style , Male , Middle Aged , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Humans , Japan , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Women , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Female , Humans , Japan , Life Style , Middle Aged , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Primary Prevention , Secondary Prevention , Societies, MedicalSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Cardiology/methods , Angiography/methods , Atherosclerosis/diagnostic imaging , Atherosclerosis/pathology , Electrocardiography/methods , Humans , Japan , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Radionuclide Imaging , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Societies, Medical , UltrasonographySubject(s)
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/diagnosis , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Humans , Japan , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Body Weight , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Diet , Exercise , Humans , Japan , Life Style , Smoking CessationSubject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Cerebrovascular Disorders/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Aged , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/epidemiology , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/prevention & control , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Japan , Male , Middle Aged , Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology , Peripheral Arterial Disease/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Registries , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Societies, MedicalSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Risk Management/methods , Diabetes Complications/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/complications , Japan , Life Style , Lipids/chemistry , Male , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Risk Factors , Societies, MedicalSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Dyslipidemias/complications , Age Factors , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Blood Coagulation , Blood Pressure , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Diabetes Complications , Homocysteine/blood , Humans , Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Medical History Taking , Risk Factors , SmokingSubject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Dyslipidemias/blood , Dyslipidemias/diagnosis , Lipids/blood , Risk Assessment , Adult , Aged , Cardiology/methods , Cardiology/standards , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Disease Management , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Japan , Male , Middle Aged , Probability , Risk Factors , Societies, MedicalSubject(s)
Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Adult , Aged , Dyslipidemias/blood , Dyslipidemias/diagnosis , Dyslipidemias/therapy , Female , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/blood , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/diagnosis , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/therapy , Japan , Lipids/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
According to many prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses of those studies, physical inactivity and/or low levels of physical fitness are associated with an elevated risk for the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke, and with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and all-cause mortality. Most of these analyses, however, were conducted on non-Japanese populations in the West. This report summarizes prospective observational and clinical studies in Japan. The annual national nutrition survey has shown a gradual decline in the number of walking steps in both genders and in all age groups over the last 10 years. While exercise habits have been gradually increasing in the elderly, only one-fifth of young and middle-aged people undertake leisure-time physical activity. Prospective cohort studies have shown that increased physical fitness and greater physical activity in either daily life or leisure time are of benefit in preventing all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. The daily number of walking steps is positively associated with HDL cholesterol levels and negatively associated with triglyceride levels. According to a random-effects model meta-analysis of 4 randomized controlled trials comparing supervised aerobic exercise training with non-exercise control in subjects without CAD, exercise resulted in a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (10.01 mg/dL, 95% CI 5.38 to 14.65, p< 0.0001). While this confirms the importance of physical activity in preventing CVD mortality and all-cause mortality, the levels of physical activity are on a declining trend in Japan, particularly among the young.