Hybrid tumor of central giant cell granuloma and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma of the mandible: A rare event in the oral cavity with a review on pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT: Hybrid tumors are rare lesions having features of multiple diseases in one lesion. A hybrid tumor of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and central ossifying fibroma (COF) shows the presence of microscopically large areas with CGCG character and large areas with COF features inside a single clinical lesion, separated by a transition zone. A rare type of COF is juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF)-trabecular variant in the mandible. We present a unique and rare case of a hybrid tumor of the CGCG-JOF-trabecular variant in the mandible of a 14-year-old female which initially diagnosed with CGCG. The ambiguous pathogenesis of hybrid tumors and giant cells is reviewed. The goal of this article is to highlight the importance of careful clinical, radiological, and histopathological examination of each case to prevent misdiagnoses and recurrences. Similar and other cases must be reported in order to better understand the interrelationship between these hybrid lesions and their biological behavior.

Genotoxicity in Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells of Petrol Station Attendants: A Micronucleus Study.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational exposure to petrol derivatives possesses an increased risk of various cancers including that of the oral mucosa. Scientific studies have shown the correlation of micronuclei assay (MN) with the cytogenotoxic changes in petrol station attendants. However, very few have reported the use of MN assay as a promising tool for assessing the impact of smoking in these workers. AIM: To explore the cytogenotoxic damage in exfoliated buccal cells obtained from petrol station attendants and control subjects using the MN assay along with additional effects due to smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 60 males who were divided into Group I-IV with each having 15 subjects. These subjects were categorized as exposed smokers, exposed nonsmokers, unexposed smoker group, and unexposed nonsmokers. The MN and additional nuclear abnormalities (karyorrhexis [KH], binucleation [BN], pyknosis [P], and karyolysis [KL]) were calculated in PAP-stained slides. RESULTS: Statistically higher mean frequencies of overall nuclear anomalies were observed in petrol pump workers in comparison with the control group. Petrol pump smokers carry the highest nuclear anomalies followed by non-exposed smokers than exposed non-smokers and the count was the least among unexposed non-smoker workers. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that the petrol pump workers are under higher cytogenotoxic damage. Also, smoking added to the frequency of damage. Thus, MN and other nuclear anomalies are in-vitro reliable biomarker assays available and should be routinely employed as a screening tool in their periodic medical evaluation.

Antibacterial effect of propolis derived from tribal region on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study.

AIM: The study aimed at investigating in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and water extract of propolis against two main cariogenic oral pathogens: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Propolis was obtained from beehives in the Jhabua region of India. Ethanolic and water extracts were prepared at concentrations of 5% and 20% weight/volume (w/v). To support the results, a positive control (chlorhexidine 0.2%) and a negative control (distilled water) were used. S. mutans was cultured on brain-heart infusion agar and L. acidophilus was cultured on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. RESULTS: The results showed that at concentrations of 5% and 20%, EEP was effective against S. mutans and L. acidophilus. However, at similar concentrations, water extract was effective only against L. acidophilus. The highest activity was shown by chlorhexidine (0.2%) with mean zones of inhibition of 13.9 mm and 15.1 mm against S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the propolis extracted from tribal regions of Jhabua possesses antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and L. acidophilus.

Nationwide survey on barriers for dental research in India.

OBJECTIVE: Research in the dental field is progressing at mightier speed worldwide, but an unfortunately representation of India at this platform is negligible. The present study was undertaken to unearth the barriers for dental research among dental professionals in Indian scenario. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted on 1514 participant's (Master of Dental Surgery and Bachelor of Dental Surgery staff) and postgraduates in 40 dental colleges of India selected by multistage random sampling. The response rate was 75.7%. The survey was undertaken from July 2013 to December 2013. The survey instrument was 24-item, investigator developed, self-structured, close-ended, and self-administered questionnaire grouped into four categories that are, institutional/departmental support related barriers, financial/training support related barriers, time-related barriers, and general barriers. RESULTS: Among all respondents 47.23% informed that they are administrative and educational work rather than research work as (P < 0.001). Overall 57.53% of study participants reported lack of administrative and technical support for research work as (P < 0.001). Overall 64.9% reported meager college funding was the barrier (P < 0.001). Overall 61.5% respondents reported lack of time to do research work due to clinical and teaching responsibilities (P < 0.001) was the barrier for research. Largely 80.25% agreed that, the lack of documentation and record maintenance are an obvious barrier for research (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Present study unearths certain barriers for research in an Indian scenario, which includes administrative overburden, lack of funds, and lack of documentation of the dental data. Governing authorities of dentistry in India have to make major interventions to make research non-intensive environment to research-friendly environment.

Warthin's Tumour: A Case Report and Review on Pathogenesis and its Histological Subtypes.

Warthin's tumour/ Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (PCL) constitutes a minority of salivary gland neoplasms and it is a monomorphic adenoma which primarily involves the parotid gland. Warthin's tumour shows multiple cysts that have numerous papillations covered by bilayered columnar and basaloid oncocytic epithelium. The connective tissue portion shows proliferation of follicle- containing lymphoid tissue which necessitates careful distinction for diagnosis. Although, Warthin's tumour presents as a clinically benign, slow-growing, usually asymptomatic lesion with low rates of recurrences and malignant transformation, but still this tumour is considered unique because of its histological appearance and unknown origin and pathogenesis. Here, we report a case of Warthin's tumour of five years duration in a 50-year-old male patient in the right parotid gland and also review and discuss various concepts concerning the development of this tumour along with a comprehensive literature on its clinic-pathologic features.

Capillary hemangioma: An occasional growth of attached gingiva.

The capillary hemangiomas represent developmental hamartomatous lesions of vascular tissue and their growth stops after certain period of time, following which some of the hemangiomas may involute. Capillary hemangiomas are common tumors of infancy and adolescents. Although head and neck are the most prevalent sites for origin of hemangiomas, they are very rarely observed arising on attached gingiva. This paper presents a rare case report of capillary hemangioma on attached gingiva of posterior maxilla in an adult female. Surgical management was done by Widman's periodontal flap operation with satisfactory uneventful healing. The characteristic clinical and histo-pathologic features of vascular tumors and malformations, especially capillary hemangiomas are discussed.

A case of dual malignancy: Presenting the necessity for extensive sampling for pathologic examination.

A patient diagnosed with early squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) with microinvasion was treated by surgical excision followed by histopathologic evaluation. During surgery, all the nodes appeared free of tumor other than a single level-3 node which looked suspicious and enlarged. Surprisingly, the node, instead of showing SCC showed features suggestive of "etastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma." The characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), their usual histopathologic features and treatment are discussed. The aim of this paper is to present the case of a patient with dual malignancy-oral SCC and PTC in an adult male, which was diagnosed accidently because the protocol of complete surgery and extensive sampling for pathologic examination was followed and thus emphasizes on the necessity for the same.

The role of basic fibroblast growth factor in oral submucous fibrosis pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic fibrotic disease of oral mucosa and oropharynx, induced by betel quid chewing often resulting in restricted mouth opening. The principal cells implicated as a source of extracellular matrix in areas of fibrosis are fibroblasts. Accumulation of connective tissue matrix is secondary to factors such as cytokines and growth factors. The contribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in disease progression and the consequent stromal changes with increase in the severity of OSF was studied. METHODS: A case series analysis of 30 cases of OSF was carried out for bFGF expression using immunohistochemistry. Connective tissue changes in these cases were corroborated using aldehyde fuchsin and Verhoeff's hematoxylin special stains. RESULTS: bFGF immunoreactivity was found to be increased in fibroblasts and in endothelial cells in early OSF cases, while the expression of bFGF in stroma increased notably in advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Increased bFGF expression in early stages of the disease was explainable to an initial injury phase because of areca consumption, followed by cellular activation by chemotactic cytokines and other growth factors with eventual fibrosis occurring as a result of molecular alteration at the cellular level.