ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We evaluated quality of life in pregnant women with diabetes followed up at Italian diabetes clinics. METHODS: A total of 245 pregnant women (30 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 176 gestational diabetes (GDM) and 39 controls) were asked to fill in a questionnaire including the SF-36 Health Survey and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale in third trimester of pregnancy and after delivery. GDM and T1DM also completed two diabetes-specific questionnaires (Diabetes-related stress and Diabetes health distress). Quality of life scores were compared between the groups with the Mann-Whitney U-test, mean changes in scores (after delivery to 3rd trimester) were compared between groups by ANCOVA. RESULTS: Regarding the SF-36 scores in the third trimester of pregnancy, T1DM and GDM women had a better Standardised Physical Component score than controls (P < 0.0001, P = 0.009, respectively). GDM and T1DM pregnant women scored significantly lower for general health perception than controls (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001, respectively). T1DM patients had lower Standardised Mental Component scores than controls (P = 0.03). Compared with the third trimester of pregnancy, the severity of depressive symptoms increased significantly after delivery in both diabetic groups, but not in controls (P < 0.0001). Scores improved in all SF-36 areas in healthy and GDM women, while they all became worse in the T1DM group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is associated with a perception of poor general health in women with both T1DM and GDM. After delivery, significantly worse depressive symptoms were documented in both groups, while a generally worse physical and psychological well-being was only identified in women with T1DM. These findings have important implications for pregnancy follow-up.
Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/psychology , Diabetes, Gestational , Postpartum Period/psychology , Pregnancy in Diabetics , Quality of Life , Diabetes, Gestational/psychology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Health Status , Health Surveys , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Diabetics/psychology , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Cytokines/blood , Diabetes, Gestational/blood , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Postpartum Period/blood , Adult , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Diabetes, Gestational/immunology , Female , Glucose Intolerance/blood , Glucose Intolerance/complications , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Postpartum Period/immunology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, Third/blood , Up-Regulation/immunologyABSTRACT
Extreme environments are generally thought to be stressful situations. Occupational deep diving inflicts periods of long-term confinement in hyperbaric chambers and high-pressure exposure on divers. Such extreme environmental conditions have been demonstrated to produce acute responses of anxiety in individual divers. Although these studies have mentioned personality as a factor explaining why some divers reported an increase in ratings of anxiety, the role of personality traits still remains unclear. The present study examines the possible role of personality traits in the development of diving anxiety. Results confirm that diving anxiety remains at the individual level and relatively transient and suggest that personality factors, such as low self-control and emotional instability, that reflect an incapacity to control and express tension in an appropriate manner would play a crucial role in the occurrence of diving anxiety.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Diving/psychology , Ecological Systems, Closed , Hyperbaric Oxygenation/psychology , Occupational Diseases/psychology , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Anxiety/diagnosis , Arousal , Humans , Male , Occupational Diseases/diagnosis , PsychometricsABSTRACT
Induction studies on Aerobacter aerogenes strain PRL-R3, using ribitol as the inducer-substrate, indicated that two enzymes of ribitol catabolism, ribitol dehydrogenase and d-ribulokinase, are coordinately induced. The utilization of d-arabinose as a substrate resulted in the induction of ribitol dehydrogenase as well as d-ribulokinase. Mutants which were constitutive for ribitol dehydrogenase were also constitutive for d-ribulokinase. In contrast, d-xylulokinase and d-arabitol dehydrogenase did not appear to be coordinately controlled. Induction studies and examination of d-arabitol dehydrogenase constitutive mutants indicated that the three enzymes of the converging pathways for d-arabitol and d-xylose catabolism are under separate control.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Alcohols/metabolism , Enterobacter/metabolism , Molecular Biology , Phosphotransferases/metabolism , Enterobacter/enzymology , Enzyme Induction , Enzyme Repression , Mutation , Xylose/metabolismABSTRACT
The incubation of Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3 with ribitol resulted in the induction of ribitol dehydrogenase and d-ribulokinase, coordinately controlled enzymes of the pathway of ribitol catabolism. A dehydrogenase-negative mutant was unable to induce d-ribulokinase activity following incubation with ribitol. Similar experiments using a kinase-negative mutant resulted in normal induction of ribitol dehydrogenase, as compared to the wild-type PRL-R3 strain. Constitutive or induced cells for l-fucose isomerase were capable of catalyzing the isomerization of d-arabinose to d-ribulose. In contrast to the experiments using ribitol as the substrate, the isomerization of d-arabinose resulted in the induction of d-ribulokinase with dehydrogenase-negative cells. These data indicated that d-ribulose, rather than ribitol, acts as the inducer of the enzymes for ribitol degradation.
