Analgesic Activity of 5-Acetamido-2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Derivatives and an In-Vivo and In-Silico Analysis of Their Target Interactions.

The design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with better activity and lower side effects are big challenges today. In this work, two 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives were proposed, increasing the alkyl position (methyl) in an acetamide moiety, and synthesized, and their structural elucidation was performed using 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The changes in methyl in larger groups such as phenyl and benzyl aim to increase their selectivity over cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). These 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives were prepared using classic methods of acylation reactions with anhydride or acyl chloride. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties were predicted using computational tools, and their binding affinity (kcal/mol) with COX-2 receptors (Mus musculus and Homo sapiens) was analyzed using docking studies (PDB ID 4PH9, 5KIR, 1PXX and 5F1A). An in-silico study showed that 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivates have a better bioavailability and binding affinity with the COX-2 receptor, and in-vivo anti-nociceptive activity was investigated by means of a writhing test induced by acetic acid and a hot plate. PS3, at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg, reduced painful activity by 74% and 75%, respectively, when compared to the control group (20 mg/kg). Regarding the anti-nociceptive activity, the benzyl showed reductions in painful activity when compared to acetaminophen and 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid. However, the proposed derivatives are potentially more active than 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid and they support the design of novel and safer derivative candidates. Consequently, more studies need to be conducted to evaluate the different pharmacological actions, the toxicity of possible metabolites that can be generated, and their potential use in inflammation and pain therapy.

Galantamine Based Novel Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitors: A Molecular Modeling Design Approach.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes play an essential role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its excessive activity causes several neuronal problems, particularly psychopathies and neuronal cell death. A bioactive pose on the hAChE B site of the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) enzyme employed in this investigation, which was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID 4EY6), allowed for the prediction of the binding affinity and free binding energy between the protein and the ligand. Virtual screening was performed to obtain structures similar to Galantamine (GNT) with potential hAChE activity. The top 200 hit compounds were prioritized through the use of filters in ZincPharmer, with special features related to the pharmacophore. Critical analyses were carried out, such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), ADME/Tox predictions, molecular docking, molecular simulation studies, synthetic accessibility (SA), lipophilicity, water solubility, and hot spots to confirm the stable binding of the two promising molecules (ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5). The metabolism prediction, with metabolites M3-2, which is formed by Glutathionation reaction (Phase II), M1-2, and M2-2 formed from the reaction of S-oxidation and Aliphatic hydroxylation (Phase I), were both reactive but with no side effects. Theoretical synthetic routes and prediction of synthetic accessibility for the most promising compounds are also proposed. In conclusion, this study shows that in silico modeling can be used to create new drug candidate inhibitors for hAChE. The compounds ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5 are particularly promising for oral administration because they have a favorable drug-likeness profile, excellent lipid solubility, high bioavailability, and adequate pharmacokinetics.

In Silico Evaluation of Ibuprofen and Two Benzoylpropionic Acid Derivatives with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Inflammation is a complex reaction involving cellular and molecular components and an unspecific response to a specific aggression. The use of scientific and technological innovations as a research tool combining multidisciplinary knowledge in informatics, biotechnology, chemistry and biology are essential for optimizing time and reducing costs in the drug design. Thus, the integration of these in silico techniques makes it possible to search for new anti-inflammatory drugs with better pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles compared to commercially used drugs. This in silico study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of two benzoylpropionic acid derivatives (MBPA and DHBPA) using molecular docking and their thermodynamic profiles by molecular dynamics, in addition to predicting oral bioavailability, bioactivity and toxicity. In accordance to our predictions the derivatives proposed here had the potential capacity for COX-2 inhibition in the human and mice enzyme, due to containing similar interactions with the control compound (ibuprofen). Ibuprofen showed toxic predictions of hepatotoxicity (in human, mouse and rat; toxicophoric group 2-arylacetic or 3-arylpropionic acid) and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract (in human, mouse and rat; toxicophoric group alpha-substituted propionic acid or ester) confirming the literature data, as well as the efficiency of the DEREK 10.0.2 program. Moreover, the proposed compounds are predicted to have a good oral bioavailability profile and low toxicity (LD50 < 700 mg/kg) and safety when compared to the commercial compound. Therefore, future studies are necessary to confirm the anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds.

Hemorrhagic shock due to spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma

The spontaneous rupture of an adrenal pheochromocytoma is an extremely rare event; however, it is potentially fatal. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of pheochromocytoma followed by an extensive retroperitoneal hematoma and hypovolemic shock. The correct diagnostic assessment determined the adequate surgical approach and a favorable outcome for the patient.

Hemorrhagic shock due to spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma.

The spontaneous rupture of an adrenal pheochromocytoma is an extremely rare event; however, it is potentially fatal. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of pheochromocytoma followed by an extensive retroperitoneal hematoma and hypovolemic shock. The correct diagnostic assessment determined the adequate surgical approach and a favorable outcome for the patient.