Allostatic Load/Chronic Stress and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Diagnosed With Breast, Lung, or Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease and cancer share a common risk factor: chronic stress/allostatic load (AL). A 1-point increase in AL is linked to up to a 30% higher risk of major cardiac events (MACE) in patients with prostate cancer. However, AL's role in MACE in breast cancer, lung cancer, or colorectal cancer remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients ≥18 years of age diagnosed with the mentioned 3 cancers of interest (2010-2019) and followed up at a large, hybrid academic-community practice were included in this retrospective cohort study. AL was modeled as an ordinal measure (0-11). Adjusted Fine-Gray competing risks regressions estimated the impact of AL precancer diagnosis on 2-year MACE (a composite of heart failure, ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, and atrial fibrillation). The effect of AL changes over time on MACE was calculated via piecewise Cox regression (before, and 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year after cancer diagnosis). Among 16 467 patients, 50.5% had breast cancer, 27.9% had lung cancer, and 21.4% had colorectal cancer. A 1-point elevation in AL before breast cancer diagnosis corresponded to a 10% heightened associated risk of MACE (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.06-1.13]). Similar findings were noted in lung cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.12-1.20]) and colorectal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.08-1.19]). When considering AL as a time-varying exposure, the peak associated MACE risk occurred with a 1-point AL rise between 6 and 12 months post- breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: AL warrants investigation as a potential marker in these patients to identify those at elevated cardiovascular risk and intervene accordingly.

Performance of contemporary cardiovascular risk stratification scores in Brazil: an evaluation in the ELSA-Brasil study.

AIMS: Despite notable population differences in high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), national guidelines in LMICs often recommend using US-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores for treatment decisions. We examined the performance of widely used international CVD risk scores within the largest Brazilian community-based cohort study (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: All adults 40-75 years from ELSA-Brasil (2008-2013) without prior CVD who were followed for incident, adjudicated CVD events (fatal and non-fatal MI, stroke, or coronary heart disease death). We evaluated 5 scores-Framingham General Risk (FGR), Pooled Cohort Equations (PCEs), WHO CVD score, Globorisk-LAC and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 score (SCORE-2). We assessed their discrimination using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration with predicted-to-observed risk (P/O) ratios-overall and by sex/race groups. RESULTS: There were 12 155 individuals (53.0±8.2 years, 55.3% female) who suffered 149 incident CVD events. All scores had a model AUC>0.7 overall and for most age/sex groups, except for white women, where AUC was <0.6 for all scores, with higher overestimation in this subgroup. All risk scores overestimated CVD risk with 32%-170% overestimation across scores. PCE and FGR had the highest overestimation (P/O ratio: 2.74 (95% CI 2.42 to 3.06)) and 2.61 (95% CI 1.79 to 3.43)) and the recalibrated WHO score had the best calibration (P/O ratio: 1.32 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.48)). CONCLUSION: In a large prospective cohort from Brazil, we found that widely accepted CVD risk scores overestimate risk by over twofold, and have poor risk discrimination particularly among Brazilian women. Our work highlights the value of risk stratification strategies tailored to the unique populations and risks of LMICs.

Objectively measured physical activity among people with and without HIV in Uganda: associations with cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease.

Background: Africa has a disproportionate burden of HIV-related cardiovascular disease. We aimed to describe physical activity in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and people without HIV (PWOH) in Uganda and characterize its relationship with the presence of computed tomography angiography-detected (CCTA) coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Ugandan Study of HIV Effects on the Myocardium and Atherosclerosis using Computed Tomography (mUTIMA-CT) cohort. From 2017-2019, physical activity in PLHIV and PWOH was assessed by accelerometry over seven days. Participants additionally underwent CCTA. Univariable and multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to analyze the relationship between physical activity and CAD presence. Results: 168 participants were analyzed. The median (IQR) age was 57 (53-58) years old and 64% were female. Males had more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week [68 minutes (12-144) vs 15 minutes (0-50), P<0.001] and less light physical activity [788 minutes (497-1,202) vs [1,059 (730-1490), P=0.001] compared to females, but there was no difference by HIV status. After adjusting for age, which accounted for 10% of the variation in steps taken, and sex, no significant associations were found between physical activity and coronary plaque. Conclusion: Objectively measured physical activity was low compared to guideline recommendations, with males being somewhat more active than females and without significant differences by HIV status. Physical activity was not associated with the presence of CAD independently of age and sex.

GlycA Levels Independently Predict Coronary Artery Calcium Incidence and Progression in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health).

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a marker of atherosclerotic disease events and mortality risk. Increased GlycA, an emerging marker of inflammation, is associated with a higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there is conflicting evidence on whether GlycA predicts subclinical CAD progression. We hypothesized that GlycA can predict subclinical CAC incidence/progression in healthy participants. We included 2,690 ELSA-Brasil cohort participants without cardiovascular/chronic inflammatory disease not receiving statin therapy who had GlycA levels measured and 2 interval CAC assessments between 2010 and 2018. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were computed to evaluate GlycA as a predictor of CAC incidence and progression. CAC incidence required a baseline CAC of 0. CAC progression required a baseline CAC >0. The mean age of participants was 48.6 ± 7.7 years, 56.7% were women, and 54.6% and 16.1% (429 of 2,690) were White and Black, respectively. The mean CAC interscan period was 5.1 ± 0.9 years, the mean GlycA level was 414.7 ± 65 µmol/L, and the incidence of CAC was 13.1% (280 of 2,129). The GlycA level odds ratio for CAC incidence was 1.002 (95% confidence interval 1.0005 to 1.005, p = 0.016), adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, a family history of early CAD (≤60 years), lipids, and co-morbidities. The GlycA (≤p25 vs ≥p75) odds ratio for CAC progression (Berry definition) was 1.77 (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.96, p = 0.03) in a similar multivariable-adjusted model. Higher GlycA levels were associated with CAC incidence and progression in a healthy Brazilian cohort.

The Predictive Value of Sepsis Scores for In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: As infective endocarditis has particular characteristics compared to other infectious diseases, it is not clear if sepsis scores are reported with good accuracy in these patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the qSOFA and SOFA scores to predict mortality in patients with infective endocarditis. METHODS: Between January 2010 and June 2019, 867 patients with suspected left-sided endocarditis were evaluated; 517 were included with left-sided infective endocarditis defined as "possible" or "definite" endocarditis, according to the Modified Duke Criteria. ROC curves were constructed to assess the accuracy of qSOFA and SOFA sepsis scores for the prediction of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The median age was 57 years, 65% were male, 435 (84%) had pre-existing heart valve disease, and the overall mortality was 28%. The most frequent etiologies were Streptococcus spp. (36%), Enterococcus spp. (10%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9%). The sepsis scores from the ROC curves used to predict in-hospital mortality were qSOFA 0.601 (CI95% 0.522-0.681) and SOFA score 0.679 (CI95% 0.602-0.756). A sub-group analysis in patients with and without pre-existing valve disease for SOFA ≥ 2 showed ROC curves of 0.627 (CI95% 0.563-0.690) and 0.775 (CI95% 0.594-0.956), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: qSOFA and SOFA scores were associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with infective endocarditis. However, as accuracy was relatively lower compared to other sites of bacterial infections, we believe that this score may have lower accuracy when predicting the prognosis of patients with IE, because, in this disease, the patient's death may be more frequently linked to valvular and cardiac dysfunction, as well as embolic events, and less frequently directly associated with sepsis.

Changes in use of preventive medications after assessment of chest pain by coronary computed tomography angiography: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) is a crucial tool for diagnosing CAD, but its impact on altering preventive medications is not well-documented. This systematic review aimed to compare changes in aspirin and statin therapy following CCTA and functional stress testing in patients with suspected CAD, and in those underwent CCTA when stratified by the presence/absence of plaque. RESULTS: Eight studies involving 42,812 CCTA patients and 64,118 cardiac stress testing patients were analyzed. Compared to functional testing, CCTA led to 66 â€‹% more changes in statin therapy (pooled RR, 95 â€‹% CI [1.28-2.15]) and a 74 â€‹% increase in aspirin prescriptions (pooled RR, 95 â€‹% CI [1.34-2.26]). For medication modifications based on CCTA results, 13 studies (47,112 patients with statin data) and 11 studies (12,089 patients with aspirin data) were included. Patients with any plaque on CCTA were five times more likely to use or intensify statins compared to those without CAD (pooled RR, 5.40, 95 â€‹% CI [4.16-7.00]). Significant heterogeneity remained, which decreased when stratified by diabetes rates. Aspirin use increased eightfold after plaque detection (pooled RR, 8.94 [95 â€‹% CI, 4.21-19.01]), especially with obstructive plaque findings (pooled RR, 9.41, 95 â€‹% CI [2.80-39.02]). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, CCTA resulted in higher changes in statin and aspirin therapy compared to cardiac stress testing. Detection of plaque by CCTA significantly increased statin and aspirin therapy.

Incident Coronary Calcium Score in Patients With OSA With and Without Excessive Sleepiness: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.

BACKGROUND: Uncertainty exists about the impact of OSA and its phenotypes on cardiovascular disease. RESEARCH QUESTION: Are OSA and clinical features such as daytime sleepiness associated with incident subclinical coronary atherosclerosis? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this prospective community-based cohort study, we administered a sleepiness questionnaire, actigraphy, and home sleep studies at baseline. Coronary artery calcium (CAC; 64-slice multidetector CT scan imaging) was measured at two different time points throughout the study (baseline, between 2010 and 2014, and follow-up, between 2016 and 2018). Incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as baseline CAC of 0 followed by CAC of > 0 at a 5-year follow-up visit. The association of incident CAC outcome was assessed using logistic regression. Stratified analyses based on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) were performed. RESULTS: We analyzed 1,956 participants with available CAC scores at baseline (mean age, 49 ± 8 years; 57.9% female; 32.4% with OSA). In covariate-adjusted analyses (n = 1,247; mean follow-up, 5.1 ± 0.9 years), we found a significant association between OSA and incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.48), with stronger effects among those reporting EDS (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.30-2.12; P = .028 for interaction). Interestingly, EDS per se was not associated with any CAC outcome. An exploratory analysis of the square root of CAC progression (baseline CAC > 0 followed by a numerical increase in scores at follow-up; n = 319) showed a positive association for both OSA (ß = 1.084; 95% CI, 0.032-2.136; P = .043) and OSA with EDS (ß = 1.651; 95% CI, 0.208-3.094; P = .025). INTERPRETATION: OSA, particularly with EDS, predicts the incidence and progression of CAC. These results support biological plausibility for the increased cardiovascular risk observed among patients with OSA with excessive sleepiness.

The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as β (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (β, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings.

Age- and sex-based heterogeneity in coronary artery plaque presence and burden in familial hypercholesterolemia: A multi-national study.

Objectives: Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). While prior research has shown variability in coronary artery calcification (CAC) among those with FH, studies with small sample sizes and single-center recruitment have been limited in their ability to characterize CAC and plaque burden in subgroups based on age and sex. Understanding the spectrum of atherosclerosis may result in personalized risk assessment and tailored allocation of costly add-on, non-statin lipid-lowering therapies. We aimed to characterize the presence and burden of CAC and coronary plaque on computed tomography angiography (CTA) across age- and sex-stratified subgroups of individuals with FH who were without CAD at baseline. Methods: We pooled 1,011 patients from six cohorts across Brazil, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and Australia. Our main measures of subclinical atherosclerosis included CAC ranges (i.e., 0, 1-100, 101-400, >400) and CTA-derived plaque burden (i.e., no plaque, non-obstructive CAD, obstructive CAD). Results: Ninety-five percent of individuals with FH (mean age: 48 years; 54% female; treated LDL-C: 154 mg/dL) had a molecular diagnosis and 899 (89%) were on statin therapy. Overall, 423 (42%) had CAC=0, 329 (33%) had CAC 1-100, 160 (16%) had CAC 101-400, and 99 (10%) had CAC >400. Compared to males, female patients were more likely to have CAC=0 (48% [n = 262] vs 35% [n = 161]) and no plaque on CTA (39% [n = 215] vs 26% [n = 120]). Among patients with CAC=0, 85 (20%) had non-obstructive CAD. Females also had a lower prevalence of obstructive CAD in CAC 1-100 (8% [n = 15] vs 18% [n = 26]), CAC 101-400 (32% [n = 22] vs 40% [n = 36]), and CAC >400 (52% [n = 16] vs 65% [n = 44]). Female patients aged 50-59 years were less likely to have obstructive CAD in CAC >400 (55% [n = 6] vs 70% [n = 19]). Conclusion: In this large, multi-national study, we found substantial age- and sex-based heterogeneity in CAC and plaque burden in a cohort of predominantly statin-treated individuals with FH, with evidence for a less pronounced increase in atherosclerosis among female patients. Future studies should examine the predictors of resilience to and long-term implications of the differential burden of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in this higher risk population.

Cardiovascular Statistics ­ Brazil 2023 / Estatística Cardiovascular ­ Brasil 2023

The publication Cardiovascular Statistics ­ Brazil aims to provide an annual compilation of data and research on the epidemiology of CVDs in Brazil.  The report integrates official statistics from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and other governmental entities alongside data from the GBD project, coordinated by the IHME at the University of Washington. Additionally, it incorporates data derived from various sources and scientific studies, including cohorts and registries, that relate to CVDs and their associated risk factors. This publication is intended for a wide range of individuals, including researchers, clinicians, patients, healthcare policymakers, media professionals, the general public, and other interested parties seeking extensive national data about heart disease and stroke.  Volunteer researchers from various Brazilian universities and research institutions carry out the project. The group is led by a five-member steering committee (ALPR, CAP, DCM, GMMO, and LCCB). The Brazilian Society of Cardiology fully supports this initiative, and the project receives collaborative support from the GBD Brazil Network and an International Committee (GAR, PP, and TAG) from both the IHME/University of Washington (GAR) and the World Heart Federation (PP and TAG). 

A publicação Estatística Cardiovascular ­ Brasil tem por objetivo fornecer uma compilação anual dos dados e das pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia das DCV no Brasil.  Este documento integra as estatísticas oficiais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e outras entidades governamentais ao lado de dados do projeto GBD, coordenado pelo IHME da Universidade de Washington. Além disso, incorpora dados derivados de várias fontes e estudos científicos, inclusive coortes e registros, relacionados às DCV e fatores de risco associados. Esta publicação destina-se a um público variado, incluindo pesquisadores, clínicos, pacientes, formuladores de políticas de saúde, profissionais da mídia, o público em geral e todos aqueles que buscam dados nacionais abrangentes sobre DCV e acidente vascular cerebral. Pesquisadores voluntários de várias universidades e instituições de pesquisa brasileiros realizaram este projeto. O grupo é liderado por um comitê diretivo com cinco membros (ALPR, CAP, DCM, GMMO e LCCB). A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia apoia integralmente esta iniciativa e o projeto recebe colaboração da Rede GBD Brasil1 e do GBD International Committee (GAR, PP e TAG) do IHME/Universidade de Washington (GAR) e da World Heart Federation (PP e TAG). 

The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as ß (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (ß, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings.

Percentiles of predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risk by sex and age in Brazil and their association with estimated risk of long-term atherosclerotic events.

OBJECTIVE: Expressing the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in relation to peers may complement the estimation of absolute CVD risk. We aimed to determine 10-year CVD risk percentiles by sex and age in the Brazilian population and evaluate their association with estimated long-term atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the ELSA-Brasil study was conducted in individuals aged 40-74 years without prior ASCVD. Ten-year CVD risk and long-term ASCVD risk were estimated by the WHO risk score and the Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium tool, respectively. Ten-year risk percentiles were determined by ranking the calculated risks within each sex and age group. RESULTS: Ten-year CVD risk versus percentile plots were constructed for each sex and age group using data from 13,364 participants (55% females; median age, 52 [IQR, 46-59] years). Long-term ASCVD risk was calculated in 12,973 (97.1%) participants. Compared to individuals at the <25th risk percentile, those at the ≥75th percentile had a greater risk of being in the highest quartile of long-term risk (ORs [95% CIs] 6.57 [5.18-8.30] in females and 11.59 [8.42-15.96] in males) in regression models adjusted for age, race, education, and 10-year CVD risk. In both sexes, the association between risk percentile and long-term risk weakened after age 50. A tool for calculating 10-year CVD risk and the corresponding percentile is available at https://bit.ly/3CzPUi6. CONCLUSIONS: We established percentiles of predicted 10-year CVD risk by sex and age in the Brazilian population, which independently reflect the estimated long-term ASCVD risk in younger individuals.

Are C-reactive protein concentrations affected by smoking status and physical activity levels? A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels according to smoking status and physical activity (PA) changes in adults. METHODS: The sample consisted of 6028 participants (4833 men) who underwent a voluntary routine health evaluation at the Preventive Medicine Center at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from January 2007 to December 2013. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (2.7±1.6 years). Plasma hsCRP (in mg/L) was analyzed in both moments. Smoking status was obtained through a self-reported questionnaire, being participants classified as non-smokers, once smokers (report smoking at baseline or follow-up), and persistently smokers (reported smoking at both baseline and follow-up). PA was assessed by questionnaire in both moments, being participants classified as persistently inactive, became inactive, became active, and persistently active. The Rank Analysis of Covariance was used to compare hsCRP follow-up values according to smoking and physical activity status. RESULTS: Persistently smokers showed significantly higher median values of hsCRP at follow-up (1.3 mg/L, IQR:0.6-2.8) than once smokers (1.1 mg/L, IQR: 0.6-2.4) and non-smokers (1.0 mg/L, IQR: 0.5-2.2), even considering covariates (p<0.001). Persistently actives had lower levels of hsCRP at follow-up when compared to persistently inactive in the three smoking status groups (non-smokers p<0.001, once smokers p = 0.001, and persistently smokers p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Persistently active participants had lower hsCRP values at follow-up than those persistently inactive in all the smoking status groups. Regular practice of PA is an important strategy for facing low-grade inflammation, even among smokers.

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Versus Invasive Coronary Angiography in Stable Chest Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) versus invasive coronary angiography (ICA) among patients with stable chest pain has been studied in several trials with conflicting results. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing CCTA first versus direct ICA among patients with stable chest pain, who were initially referred to ICA. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing the 2 strategies. Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences with 95% CIs were computed for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Five randomized controlled trials with a total of 5727 patients were included, of whom 51.1% were referred to CCTA and 22.5% of patients had evidence of ischemia on a prior functional test. In the follow-up ranging from 1 to 3.5 years, 660 of the 2928 patients randomized to CCTA first underwent ICA (23%). Patients who underwent CCTA had lower rates of coronary revascularization (RR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.66-0.84]; P<0.001) and stroke (RR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.26-0.98]; P=0.043). Cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.24-1.23]; P=0.146), major adverse cardiovascular events (RR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.64-1.10]; P=0.198), nonfatal myocardial infarction (RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.63-1.88]; P=0.768), and cardiovascular hospitalizations (RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.59-1.39]; P=0.669) did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stable chest pain referred for ICA, CCTA avoided the need for ICA in 77% of patients otherwise referred for ICA. CCTA was associated with a reduction in the rates of coronary revascularization and stroke compared with direct ICA. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; Unique identifier: CRD42023383143.

Combined Association of Novel and Traditional Inflammatory Biomarkers With Carotid Artery Plaque: GlycA Versus C-Reactive Protein (ELSA-Brasil).

Elevated levels of glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with carotid artery plaque (CAP). However, it is not yet established if elevations in both inflammatory biomarkers provide incremental association with CAP. This study aimed evaluate the cross-sectional association of high CRP and GlycA with CAP at baseline participants from the ELSA-Brasil adult cohort. Participants with information on CRP, GlycA, and CAP with neither previous cardiovascular disease nor CRP >10 mg/L were included. High GlycA and CRP were defined as values within upper quintile and >3 mg/L, respectively. Participants were classified into 4 groups: 1. nonelevated CRP/GlycA (reference group); 2. elevated CRP alone; 3. elevated GlycA alone; and 4. both elevated. The analysis included 4,126 participants with median age of 50 years-old, being 54.2% of women. Prevalence of CAP was 36.1%. Participants with high CRP had the highest frequency of obesity, whereas participants with high GlycA presented higher cardiovascular risk factor burden and were more likely to have CAP than the reference group (odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11 to 1.73), persisting after multivariable adjustment (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.83). Participants with both elevated CRP and GlycA were more likely to have CAP in crude (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.65) but not in adjusted models. The findings suggest potential different biologic pathways between inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis: high GlycA was associated with CAP whereas high CRP was more associated with obesity.

Associations Between Coronary Artery Calcification and Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain and Diastolic Parameters: the ELSA-Brasil Study.

Atherosclerosis burden can be evaluated in asymptomatic patients by measuring coronary artery calcification (CAC), whereas the global longitudinal strain (GLS) and diastolic function parameters (mitral E/e' ratio, septal e', and lateral e') are used to evaluate subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. We investigated whether subjects with CAC (CAC >0 Agatston units) would present with an impairment in LV functional parameters. Among the participants of the ELSA-Brasil cohort free of clinically prevalent cardiovascular disease who performed cardiac computed tomography and echocardiography within the study protocol, we tested whether those with CAC >0 presented with worse GLS and diastolic function parameters. CAC >0 was present in 203 of the 612 included participants (33.17%; age 51.4 ± 8.6 years, 52.1% women). Absolute CAC values did not correlate with GLS (ro = 0.07, p = 0.105) but did so with E/e' (ro = 0.19, p <0.001), septal e' (ro = 0.28, p <0.001), and lateral e' (ro = 0.30, p <0.001), with stronger correlations in men. Those with CAC >0 had worse mitral E/e' ratios (7.75 ± 0.13 vs 7.01 ± 0.09; p ≤0.001), septal e' (8.25 ± 0.15 vs 9.59 ± 0.11 cm/s; p <0.001), and lateral e' (10.13 ± 0.20 vs 11.99 ± 0.14 cm/s; p ≤0.001), respectively. However, these associations were not independent of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, persisting only as significant associations of CAC >0 with mitral E/e' ratio and septal e' in men. There is an association between subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and impaired LV functional parameters. These associations are more likely attributed to the presence of common cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. However, in men, it seems to exist as an independent association.