ABSTRACT
In clinical trials a single dose of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has shown a rapid antidepressant effect in patients with treatment-resistant depression and bipolar depression. The implications of glutaminergic mechanisms in depression and the rapid effect of a single dose of ketamine could open new pathways to understand the pathophysiology of depression and the development of novel rapid-acting antidepressant drugs.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Acute Disease , Analgesics, Short-Acting/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Short-Acting/adverse effects , Analgesics, Short-Acting/chemistry , Analgesics, Short-Acting/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Dissociative/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Dissociative/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Dissociative/chemistry , Anesthetics, Dissociative/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Antidepressive Agents/chemistry , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/administration & dosage , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/adverse effects , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/chemistry , Humans , Ketamine/administration & dosage , Ketamine/adverse effects , Ketamine/chemistry , Placebos , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Denmark , Humans , PoliticsABSTRACT
A 35-year-old male known with bipolar disorder was admitted after a suicide attempt with cuts in both wrists. The patient had a major depression with melancholic symptoms and nihilistic delusions. To relieve the patient's agony in the days before electroconvulsive therapy and to reduce the risk of suicide, the patient was treated with S-ketamine 0,5 mg/kg. The patient's symptoms were reduced two hours after treatment and the effect was measurable for five days.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Ketamine/administration & dosage , Adult , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Dissociative/administration & dosage , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Suicide, Attempted , Suicide PreventionSubject(s)
Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Piperazines/therapeutic use , Sulfones/therapeutic use , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Depression/complications , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Erectile Dysfunction/etiology , Erectile Dysfunction/psychology , Humans , Male , Penile Erection/drug effects , Penile Erection/psychology , Purines/therapeutic use , Sildenafil CitrateABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Traffic accidents were the primary cause of death for Danes aged 15 to 24 years in 1999; per million inhabitants, that figure was 62% higher than in Great Britain. Reduction to the level in Great Britain would have reduced the number killed in traffic accidents in Denmark in 2002 from 465 to 289. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data used are from StatBank Denmark, the Danish Road Directorate and the Danish Transport Research Institute. RESULTS: The number of traffic deaths per billion kilometers driven was 57% higher in 1994 than in 2001. Those aged 65 and over had the largest decrease, with 67% fewer traffic deaths. Per billion kilometers driven, rural roads had around twice the number of traffic deaths as city streets and motorways. The geographic distribution showed few traffic deaths in the capital, Copenhagen, while the rest of the country had up to twice the number per 100,000 inhabitants from 1997 to 2002. Car drivers were well protected by seat belts, while people who were walking or on a motorcycle had high casualty rates per billion kilometers driven. 29% of the traffic deaths in Denmark in 2002 were registered as alcohol-related, while only 1% of drivers overall were influenced by alcohol. Men had twice the risk of traffic death compared with women per kilometer driven. Men were convicted in 93% of cases involving illegal blood alcohol level and 84% of cases involving other traffic offences. CONCLUSION: The greatest potential for reduction of traffic deaths seems to be traffic behaviour; females' behaviour, with rare drunk driving and few convictions for traffic offences, seems rational. If all drivers adhered to women's traffic behaviour, the number of road deaths in 1999 could have been reduced by 169, equivalent to 30%.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Accidents, Traffic/trends , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Cause of Death , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Denmark/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
A vehicle's speed and age determine the degree of injury inflected in traffic accidents. Drivers under the influence of alcohol have an increased risk of death in traffic accidents, and males have twice the risk of traffic death as women per kilometre driven. Seat belts, baby chairs and air bags are effective safety precautions, and enforcement of the traffic code is a very effective measure in reducing the number of traffic deaths. Traffic deaths are a result of accident and damage factors, which inflect lethal injury especially on the elderly. This can be illustrated as: number of deaths = accidents * damage in accidents.
