Understanding Family Interaction Patterns in Families With Alzheimer's Disease.

This qualitative study explores the dynamic changes that occur in family interaction patterns when Alzheimer's disease is present. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants who have a family member with the disease. Using modified analytic induction, guided by the dimensions of the Family Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) Model, participants shared how Alzheimer's disease affected family structure, control dynamics, and intimacy among family members. Findings demonstrate that (a) families reorganize and restructure based on geographic proximity and shifting roles, act out of filial responsibility, and strive to preserve shared meanings and rituals; (b) decision making increases around care of the person with Alzheimer's disease and shifts to the primary caregiver or other family members based on their abilities; and (c) expressions of intimacy intensify while personality is preserved in the person with the disease. The Family FIRO model can inform practitioners using family-centered care with families with Alzheimer's disease.

Embryonic germ cells from mice and rats exhibit properties consistent with a generic pluripotent ground state.

Mouse and rat embryonic stem cells can be sustained in defined medium by dual inhibition (2i) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (Erk1/2) cascade and of glycogen synthase kinase 3. The inhibitors suppress differentiation and enable self-renewal of pluripotent cells that are ex vivo counterparts of naïve epiblast cells in the mature blastocyst. Pluripotent stem cell lines can also be derived from unipotent primordial germ cells via a poorly understood process of epigenetic reprogramming. These are termed embryonic germ (EG) cells to denote their distinct origin. Here we investigate whether EG cell self-renewal and derivation are supported by 2i. We report that mouse EG cells can be established with high efficiency using 2i in combination with the cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Furthermore, addition of fibroblast growth factor or stem cell factor is unnecessary using 2i-LIF. The derived EG cells contribute extensively to healthy chimaeric mice, including to the germline. Using the same conditions, we describe the first derivations of EG cells from the rat. Rat EG cells express a similar marker profile to rat and mouse ES cells. They have a diploid karyotype, can be clonally expanded and genetically manipulated, and are competent for multilineage colonisation of chimaeras. These findings lend support to the postulate of a conserved molecular ground state in pluripotent rodent cells. Future research will determine the extent to which this is maintained in other mammals and whether, in some species, primordial germ cells might be a more tractable source than epiblast for the capture of naïve pluripotent stem cells.

Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been available from inbred mice since 1981 but have not been validated for other rodents. Failure to establish ES cells from a range of mammals challenges the identity of cultivated stem cells and our understanding of the pluripotent state. Here we investigated derivation of ES cells from the rat. We applied molecularly defined conditions designed to shield the ground state of authentic pluripotency from inductive differentiation stimuli. Undifferentiated cell lines developed that exhibited diagnostic features of ES cells including colonization of multiple tissues in viable chimeras. Definitive ES cell status was established by transmission of the cell line genome to offspring. Derivation of germline-competent ES cells from the rat paves the way to targeted genetic manipulation in this valuable biomedical model species. Rat ES cells will also provide a refined test-bed for functional evaluation of pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue repair and regeneration.

Identification of two major loci that suppress hearing loss and cochlear dysmorphogenesis in Eya1bor/bor mice.

The Eya1(bor) mutant hypomorph contains an intracisternal A particle insertion in intron 7 of the Eya1 gene that results in a 50% reduction in wild-type mRNA levels. The homozygous mutants have middle and inner ear defects and variable kidney abnormalities. The severity of the disorder is affected by genetic background. In contrast to complete deafness and cochlear agenesis in the C3HeB/FeJ strain, F2 Eya1(bor/bor) mutants from an intercross between C3HeB/FeJ-Eya1(bor/+) and C57BL/6J showed variable auditory brain-stem responses and cochlear coiling. In this study, using these F2 Eya1(bor/bor) mutants, we have identified two major loci, Mead1 (modifier of Eya1-associated deafness 1) and Mead2, that are responsible for suppression of the original phenotypes. We have narrowed these two loci to 5.4 and 4.4 cM, respectively, in congenic lines. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that this modifying effect did not result from an increase in wild-type Eya1 mRNA, suggesting Mead1 and Mead2 are interacting directly or indirectly with Eya1 during inner ear development.