Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Study at Jupiter Based on Juno's First 30 Orbits and Modeling Tools.

The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of parameters including conductances, field-aligned currents, horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, and the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these key parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere. A method based on a combined use of Juno multi-instrument data and three modeling tools was developed by Wang et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029469) and applied to an analysis of the first nine orbits to retrieve these parameters along Juno's magnetic footprint. We extend this method to the first 30 Juno science orbits and to both hemispheres. Our results reveal a large variability of these parameters from orbit to orbit and between the two hemispheres. They also show dominant trends. Southern current systems are consistent with the generation of a region of sub-corotating ionospheric plasma flows, while both super-corotating and sub-corotating plasma flows are found in the north. These results are discussed in light of the previous space and ground-based observations and currently available models of plasma convection and current systems, and their implications are assessed.

Satisfaction with sexual life in people living with HIV/AIDS: the persistent weight of the fear of transmission.

Sexual life is an important dimension of quality of life, which may be affected by the fear of transmission in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), despite the fact that antiretroviral therapy prevents person-to-person transmission. We, therefore, aimed to explore the sexual life satisfaction of PLWHA and its correlation with their fear of HIV transmission and self-esteem. Consecutive adult PLWHA from seven HIV care facilities in the Rhone-Alpes region, France, were asked to complete a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire concerning sociological and medical data, satisfaction with sexual life (18 questions), and self-esteem (Rosenberg score). Overall, 690 PLWHA answered the questionnaire (mean age 49.2 ± 11 years); 74.9% were men, of which 75.1% had sex with men. Overall, 68.0% of respondents feared transmitting HIV (a lot/a bit). A lower satisfaction with sexual life was significantly associated with being female, not having a stable sexual partner, being unemployed, having a low income, experiencing a fear of HIV transmission, having lower self-esteem, and not reporting an excellent/very good health status. These results strongly suggest that the information concerning the antiretroviral-induced suppression of infectivity should be widely diffused, as this may enhance the quality of sexual life in PLWHA.

Do age and gender contribute to workers' burnout symptoms?

BACKGROUND: Despite mounting evidence on the association between work stress and burnout, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which workers' age and gender are associated with burnout. AIMS: To evaluate the relationship between age, gender and their interaction with burnout in a sample of Canadian workers. METHODS: Data were collected in 2009-12 from a sample of 2073 Canadian workers from 63 workplaces in the province of Quebec. Data were analysed with multilevel regression models to test for linear and non-linear relationships between age and burnout. Analyses adjusted for marital status, parental status, educational level and number of working hours were conducted on the total sample and stratified by gender. RESULTS: Data were collected from a sample of 2073 Canadian workers (response rate 73%). Age followed a non-linear relationship with emotional exhaustion and total burnout, while it was linearly related to cynicism and reduced professional efficacy. Burnout level reduced with increasing age in men, but the association was bimodal in women, with women aged between 20-35 and over 55 years showing the highest burnout level. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that burnout symptoms varied greatly according to different life stages of working men and women. Younger men, and women aged between 20-35 and 55 years and over are particularly susceptible and should be targeted for programmes to reduce risk of burnout.

Fertility after surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis.

OBJECTIVES: The population of Reunion Island has a high prevalence of endometriosis impacting fertility. The aim of this series is to assess the fertility of women undergoing surgical approach of deep infiltrating endometriosis and to study the characteristics of the pregnancy outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective 2 centers study, including all women wanting to be pregnant and operated for deep endometriosis in any of the 2 hospitals of the CHU of Reunion Island between January 2012 and May 2013. RESULTS: Sixty-three women were included. Twenty-four (38%) had more than one operation and 16 (25.4%) experienced one or more complications. Fifty-eight (92%) had complete resection of the endometriosis. Twenty-seven (42.9%) women became pregnant at least once, spontaneously in 44.4%. Average delay for first pregnancy was 14.2 months. Twenty-two (34.9%) women became pregnant before 24 months. Among the 34 pregnancies, 20 ended with a live newborn. Premature delivery rate was 35%, cesarean section rate 10% and average birth weight was at 45th percentile. CONCLUSION: Fertility remains good after surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis but the delay between operation and pregnancy is increased when a surgical complication occurs. Premature delivery rate is high. No pregnancy occurred in case of incomplete resection or after age of 36.

Short-term Effects of Diet and Activity Changes on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance.

The present study focused on rapid responses of inflammation markers and insulin resistance to dietary restriction and exercise in inactive patients. 13 obese women were included during a 5-day time frame during which decreases in food intake (-1 378±298 kcal) were associated with 2 exercise sessions (80 and 40 min). Circulating inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance index and muscle soreness were measured in fasted conditions. Fasting plasma concentrations of CRP and insulin resistance index decreased over the period (respectively, p=0.02 and p=0.01), concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α appeared unchanged (p>0.05). Changes in IL-6 (enhanced) and TNF-α (reduced) concentrations following the prolonged exercise differed compared to days with 40 min exercise and days without exercise (p<0.05). Muscle soreness appeared higher after the 80 min than after the 40-min exercise (p=0.01), and were related with IL-6 and CRP concentration changes. A 5-day period combining exercise and diet reduced the insulin-resistance index and the CRP fasting concentrations. The 80-min exercise enhanced IL-6 and lowered TNF-α concentration changes while days without exercise unaffected these cytokines. These exercise effects on cytokines may have benefited to the insulin resistance index. The duration and number of the exercise sessions appeared sufficient for inactive subjects to initiate health benefits without inducing negative effects on inflammation and muscle soreness.

Onset of exercise and diet program in obese women: metabolic and anorexigenic responses related to weight loss and physical capacities.

Perturbations of energy balance induce compensatory processes that may alter expected weight loss. In obese patients, our aim was to investigate the relationships that occurred between fasting plasma concentrations of anorexigenic peptides and metabolic parameters, appetite, physical capacity, and weight loss in the 5 first days of a program associating exercise and caloric reduction. Thirteen obese women were monitored from day 1 to day 5 with 2 exercise sessions in day 2 and day 4. We measured, in a fasted state, changes in body weight, hunger ratings, and plasma concentrations of fatty acids, triglycerides, leptin, insulin, amylin, peptide YY, and insulin-resistance index. Physical performance was assessed by a 6-min walking test. The program resulted in significantly reduced body weight (0.75±0.4 kg; p=0.001), of plasma concentrations of triglycerides, insulin, amylin, peptide YY, and the insulin-resistance index, and also increased fatty acids (p<0.05). Hunger ratings were increased (p<0.05). Program-induced changes in fatty acids, leptin, and insulin concentrations were related to physical performance (r(2)=0.45, 0.59, and 0.52; p<0.05, respectively) and to weight loss (r(2)=0.65, 0.57, 0.55; p<0.05, respectively). Five days of diet and exercise induced weight loss, improved lipid profile, and decreased insulin resistance while hunger ratings increased. Subjects with higher physical capacity lost more weight, presented higher increases in fatty acids and lower changes of leptin and insulin concentrations suggesting a better metabolic flexibility. To reduce the compensatory responses that can occur with energy imbalances, our study supports to account for individual activity level before prescribing weight-loss program associating diet and exercise.

Evidence that histaminergic neurons are devoid of estrogen receptor alpha in the ewe diencephalon during the breeding season.

In sheep as in rat, it has been highly suggested that neuronal histamine (HA) participates to the estradiol (E2)-induced GnRH and LH surges, through H1 receptor. With the aim of determining if E2 could act directly on HA neurons, we examined here whether HA neurons express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the ewe diencephalon during the breeding season. We first produced a specific polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant ovine histidine decarboxylase (oHDC), the HA synthesizing enzyme. Using both this anti-oHDC antibody and an anti-ERα monoclonal antibody in double label immunohistochemistry, we showed that HA neurons do not express ERα in diencephalon of ewes with different hormonal status. This result diverges from those obtained in rat, in which around three quarters of HA neurons express ERα in their nucleus. This discrepancy between these two mammal species may reflect difference in their neuronal network.

Influence of the geriatric oncology consultation on the final therapeutic decision in elderly subjects with cancer: analysis of 191 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of the Geriatric Oncology Consultation on the final therapeutic management of cancer in elderly patients aged 70 and older. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: The Pilot Coordination Unit in Geriatric Oncology of Côte d'Or, Burgundy, France. PARTICIPANTS: From January 2010 to December 2010, 191 patients with cancer aged 70 and older. MEASUREMENTS: The concordance between the treatments proposed following the Tumor Board, those proposed following the Geriatric Evaluation (GE) and those actually given to the patients was evaluated using the Kappa agreement test. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-one patients were included. Mean age was 81.5. The most frequent cancer locations were breast (31.9%), colon-rectum (14.1%) and lung (10.5%). Concordance between the cancer treatments proposed by the Tumor Board and those suggested after the GE was excellent except for chemotherapy and targeted therapy, which were recommended less frequently by the geriatrician (Kappa = 0.67), and support care, which was more often proposed after the GE (Kappa = 0.61). However, concordance between treatments proposed by the geriatrician and treatment actually given was not so good for chemotherapy (Kappa = 0.58), and surgery (Kappa = 0.61), since both were often replaced by a less aggressive treatment. CONCLUSION: Concordance between the therapies proposed during the Tumor Board or after the Geriatric Oncology Consultation and the treatment actually given was satisfactory. However, the role of the oncologist remains determinant in the final choice, especially for chemotherapy.

[Chronic psychotropic drugs use in the Canadian labor force: what are the contributions of occupation and work organization conditions?]. / Chronicité de la consommation de médicaments psychotropes dans la main-d'oeuvre canadienne : quelle est la contribution de la profession et des conditions de l'organisation du travail ?

BACKGROUND: This study aims to better understand the contributions of occupation and work organization conditions to the development of chronic psychotropic drugs use among workers in Canada. METHODS: The study is based on a secondary analysis of the longitudinal data of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) of Statistics Canada which includes five cycles from 1994-1995 to 2002-2003. A panel of 6585 people from 15 to 55 years old and employed at cycle 1 and nested in 1413 neighbourhoods was selected. Multilevel models of regression were estimated on three levels: repeated measures (level 1=24,785 observations) were nested in the individuals (level 2=6585 individuals) and the individuals nested in the local communities (level 3=1413 neighborhoods). RESULTS: The prevalence of multiple episodes (two episodes and more between cycle 1 and cycle 5) of psychotropic drugs use was 6.7% (95%CI=6.0-7.4%). Only occupation and the number of working hours showed a significant contribution. Family and individual variables like marital status and personality traits (locus of control and sense of coherence) had a significant contribution, in addition to time, gender, age, physical health, number of cigarettes and stressful childhood events. CONCLUSION: Work contributes weakly to the risk of chronic psychotropic drugs use, whereas individual characteristics make a much more important contribution to the phenomenon.

[Vaccination practices following the end of compulsory BCG vaccination. A cross-sectional survey of general practitioners and pediatricians]. / Pratiques vaccinales déclarées suite à la levée de l'obligation de vaccination généralisée par le BCG. Enquête auprès des médecins généralistes et des pédiatres.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis prevention has been based on generalized BCG vaccination in France since 1949. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the impact of the change in BCG administration (in January 2006) and the end of compulsory vaccination (in July 2007). METHOD: A self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 2248 physicians practicing in 6 departments in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2008. RESULTS: Overall, 923 questionnaires were analyzed. The median age of the respondents was 52 years, 67 % were male, 93 % were general practitioners, and 91 % practiced in private practice offices. The median number of BCG vaccines administered on a quarterly basis was 5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3-10) before January 2006, one (IQR, 0-3) between January 2006 and July 2007, and zero (IQR, 0-1) after July 2007 (P<0.001). The rate of BCG vaccination was significantly lower for male physicians, physicians older than 50 years, general practitioners, practitioners working in private offices, and for some departments. Thirty-nine percent of the physicians were informed of the national program against tuberculosis 2007-2009, and 41 % wished to be trained in the practice of intradermal vaccination. CONCLUSION: This survey suggests that the withdrawal of Monovax and the lifting of generalized vaccination requirements were followed by a substantial decrease in the number of BCG vaccinations. The intradermal route constitutes an obstacle for BCG vaccination that might be overcome by specific training.

[Use of IGRT for prostate cancers (OBI-CBCT Varian, ExacTrac BrainLAB and MVCT TomoTherapy)]. / Quelle radiothérapie guidée par l'image pour quels patients? Expérience concomitante de l'utilisation de trois dispositifs d'imagerie de repositionnement dans le cas du cancer de la prostate.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to report the experience of image-guided radiotherapy at the CLCC Nantes-Atlantique using three repositioning imaging devices, the ExacTrac (BrainLAB), the OBI-CBCT (Varian) and the MVCT (Tomotherapy Inc), in the case of prostate external radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For each linac and its imaging device, a treatment plan was described. Moreover, studies concerning calculated shifts after imaging sessions were achieved. Using ExacTrac, for eight patients, a study compared daily shifts based on bony anatomy or on implanted markers. Considering mean values of displacements over a course of radiotherapy, dosimetric impact was evaluated. With the OBI-CBCT, two imaging modalities were used, kV-kV (0 degrees and 270 degrees ) and CBCT. Up to now, whatever the images, displacements were calculated using the bony anatomy. For both modalities and for 26 patients, shifts were compared. Since the beginning of the Tomotherapy HiArt use, MVCT was performed for each session of each patient. For 12 patients, mean displacements were calculated after five fractions. Then the deviations to those values were calculated. This was done to show the relevance of daily MVCT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This work allows us to report the use of three repositioning imaging devices in the radiotherapy department. At least they provide an efficient positioning tool. And they let us see the future radiotherapy which would probably be the dose-guided radiotherapy.

Darwin--a mission to detect and search for life on extrasolar planets.

The discovery of extrasolar planets is one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. The detection of planets that vary widely in mass demonstrates that extrasolar planets of low mass exist. In this paper, we describe a mission, called Darwin, whose primary goal is the search for, and characterization of, terrestrial extrasolar planets and the search for life. Accomplishing the mission objectives will require collaborative science across disciplines, including astrophysics, planetary sciences, chemistry, and microbiology. Darwin is designed to detect rocky planets similar to Earth and perform spectroscopic analysis at mid-infrared wavelengths (6-20 mum), where an advantageous contrast ratio between star and planet occurs. The baseline mission is projected to last 5 years and consists of approximately 200 individual target stars. Among these, 25-50 planetary systems can be studied spectroscopically, which will include the search for gases such as CO(2), H(2)O, CH(4), and O(3). Many of the key technologies required for the construction of Darwin have already been demonstrated, and the remainder are estimated to be mature in the near future. Darwin is a mission that will ignite intense interest in both the research community and the wider public.

[Environmental lead poisoning from lead-glazed earthenware used for storing drinks]. / Intoxication environnementale par le plomb liée à la consommation de boisson conservée dans une cruche artisanale en céramique vernissée.

INTRODUCTION: Current unusual environmental sources of lead exposure mainly include traditional medicines, either ayurvedic remedies or others, traditional cosmetics (kohl, surma), and the use of traditional earthenware, for storage or cooking. CASE REPORTS: We report two cases of lead poisoning in adults initially identified by paroxysmal abdominal pain or anemia. In both cases, the environmental investigation evidenced one main source of lead exposure, namely a lead-glazed earthenware jug in which a drink was stored, "kefir" in the first case, and "kombucha" tea in the second one. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to search for lead intoxication in patients with unexplained anemia. Environmental sources of lead can be multiple. Their relative importance has to be ranked during the environmental investigation and among these, lead-glazed earthenware must be considered as a source of high lead exposure when drinks are stored inside and thus can soak.

Summer influenza outbreak in a home for the elderly: application of preventive measures.

Influenza outbreaks occasionally occur in nursing homes (NHs) despite vaccination, but occurrence during summer is a rare event. We describe an influenza outbreak during a heatwave in 2005, and discuss the usefulness of rapid diagnosis in facilitating early intervention as well as appropriate infection control measures. An outbreak was observed in a single NH with 81 residents (mean age 88 years) and 48 healthcare workers (HCWs) and lasted seven days. Fever, cough and wheezing were reported as the main symptoms in 32 affected residents (39.5%) and 6 (12.5%) HCWs. Influenza was suspected and provisionally confirmed by a rapid diagnostic test performed on specimens from four patients. The outbreak was further confirmed by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in seven out of 10 residents. The strain was similar to the winter epidemic strain of the 2004-2005 season: H3N2A/New York/55/2004. As soon as the outbreak was confirmed, a crisis management team was set up with representatives of the local health authority and NH staff. A package of measures was implemented to control the outbreak, including patient isolation and the wearing of surgical masks by all residents and staff. A therapeutic course of oseltamivir was prescibed to 19/32 symptomatic patients and to 5/6 HCWs, and 47 residents and 42 remaining HCWs received a prophylactic post-exposure regimen. The outbreak ended within 48 h. Case fatality rate was 15.6% among residents. Pre-outbreak influenza vaccine coverage among the residents was 93.5% and 41.7% in HCWs. The rapid diagnostic test enabled prompt action to be taken, which facilitated infection control measures.

Splanchnic sequestration of amino acids in aged rats: in vivo and ex vivo experiments using a model of isolated perfused liver.

Splanchnic sequestration of amino acids (SSAA) is a process observed during aging that leads to decreased peripheral amino acid (AA) availability. The mechanisms underlying SSAA remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a high-protein diet could increase nitrogen retention in aged rats by saturating SSAA and whether SSAA could be explained by dysregulation of hepatic nitrogen metabolism. Adult and aged male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in individual metabolic cages and fed a normal-protein (17% protein) or high-protein diet (27%) for 2 wk. Nitrogen balance (NB) was calculated daily. On day 14, livers were isolated and perfused for 90 min to study AA and urea fluxes. NB was lower in aged rats fed a normal-protein diet than in adults, but a high-protein diet restored NB to adult levels. Isolated perfused livers from aged rats showed decreased urea production and arginine uptake, together with a release of alanine (vs. uptake in adult rats) and a hepatic accumulation of alanine. The in vivo data suggest that SSAA is a saturable process that responds to an increase in dietary protein content. The hepatic metabolism of AA in aged rats is greatly modified, and urea production decreases. This result refutes the hypothesis that SSAA is associated with an increase in AA disposal via urea production.

[Users sceptical about generic drugs: an anthropological approach]. / Des usagers sceptiques face aux médicaments génériques: une approche anthropologique.

BACKGROUND: Since the enactment of the 2002 legislative measures favoring the prescription of generic drugs, various quantitative studies have shown that approval by prescribers and users has risen in France. Nevertheless, scepticism remains as well as distrust towards these drugs focusing on their effectiveness compared with brand-name drugs, on potential dangers, and on the interruption they cause in prescription and consumption habits. Using a comprehensive approach, this article analyzes the social and cultural logic behind the negative image of generic drugs. METHODS: The materials issued from an ethnographic study on the prescription of drugs for high blood pressure. Sixty-eight interviews were undertaken between April 2002 and October 2004 with people (39 women and 29 men, between the age of 40 and 95, 52 over the age of 60) treated for over a year for high blood pressure in rural areas in the Southeast of France. Thirteen people provided unsolicited opinions about generic drugs. RESULTS: Analysis of the information collected shows that users have various representations of generic drugs, including the idea of counterfeited and foreign drugs. These representations interfere with the adjustment process and the development of consumer loyalty. They are part of a set of social representations about drugs which form and express the user's reality. In these representations, the drug is an ambivalent object, carrier of both biological effectiveness and toxicity; it is also the metonymical extension of the prescriber, bestowing upon the prescription a symbolic value. CONCLUSION: By placing the generic drug in its network of symbolic and social meaning, this study highlights the coherence of the scepticism towards generic drugs by consumers (and prescribers) with a system of common opinion in which drugs are everyday things, personalized and compatible with users, symbolic exchange carriers in the physician-patient relationship, and in which confidence in the drug is also that given to the health care system in general.

The equivocal metabolic response to endotoxaemia in type 2 diabetic and obese ZDF rats.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The metabolic and endocrine disturbances associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes may impair the normal metabolic response to injury. Our objective was to investigate amino acid metabolism in endotoxaemic type 2 diabetic obese rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A metabolic study was performed over 4 days using male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (fa/fa) and lean littermates (fa/+) divided into three groups: ad libitum-fed groups which underwent no treatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated groups receiving E. coli LPS by i.p. injection, and pair-fed groups to the respective LPS groups. We evaluated the effect of endotoxaemia on body weight, food intake and tissue weights. Nitrogen loss and muscular proteolysis were measured daily by determination of urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) excretion. Plasma, intestine and muscle amino acid levels were measured. RESULTS: The data showed that ad libitum-fed ZDF rats had lower plasma arginine and glutamine levels than ad libitum-fed control rats. Compared with control rats, the LPS-treated ZDF rats presented lower thymic involution, a lower 3-MH:creatinine ratio and higher cumulative nitrogen balance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Against our working hypothesis, ZDF rats did not show an impaired metabolic response, and even appeared to be less sensitive to the stress.

Structure of worldwide populations of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles.

The cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) is the most widespread and destructive pest of stored tobacco. The capability to differentiate between populations from different geographic origins would enable researchers to better understand how insect dispersal through transportation affects the infestation of stored tobacco. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), DNA polymorphisms were assessed in 16 populations of L. serricorne collected from 15 countries. The dendrograms constructed from profile distance matrices revealed well-supported colony clusters. There was no clear clustering as a function of the geographic origin of the samples. The results suggest extensive insect dispersal among geographical regions due to movement of infested commodities worldwide. This first AFLP population study of a stored-product insect demonstrates the potential of AFLP for distinguishing L. serricorne populations.

A rigorous method for multigenic families' functional annotation: the peptidyl arginine deiminase (PADs) proteins family example.

BACKGROUND: large scale and reliable proteins' functional annotation is a major challenge in modern biology. Phylogenetic analyses have been shown to be important for such tasks. However, up to now, phylogenetic annotation did not take into account expression data (i.e. ESTs, Microarrays, SAGE, ...). Therefore, integrating such data, like ESTs in phylogenetic annotation could be a major advance in post genomic analyses. We developed an approach enabling the combination of expression data and phylogenetic analysis. To illustrate our method, we used an example protein family, the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), probably implied in Rheumatoid Arthritis. RESULTS: the analysis was performed as follows: we built a phylogeny of PAD proteins from the NCBI's NR protein database. We completed the phylogenetic reconstruction of PADs using an enlarged sequence database containing translations of ESTs contigs. We then extracted all corresponding expression data contained in EST database This analysis allowed us 1/To extend the spectrum of homologs-containing species and to improve the reconstruction of genes' evolutionary history. 2/To deduce an accurate gene expression pattern for each member of this protein family. 3/To show a correlation between paralogous sequences' evolution rate and pattern of tissular expression. CONCLUSION: coupling phylogenetic reconstruction and expression data is a promising way of analysis that could be applied to all multigenic families to investigate the relationship between molecular and transcriptional evolution and to improve functional annotation.