Sex/Gender Phenotypes and the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Applied Behavior Analysts.

Research has consistently reported a higher rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses in males than in females, but until recently, the impact of sex/gender differences has received little attention from applied behavior analysts. The underlying reasons for the difference in rates of diagnosis could be related to genetic or hormonal differences, sociocultural expectations of behavior based on sex/gender norms, or biases built into the assessment and observation of ASD symptoms. It is necessary to engage in further discussion and research in order to improve the treatment and quality of life of persons with ASD because misdiagnosis or late diagnosis can delay the start of early intervention and limit its proven benefits. Furthermore, differences in symptom presentation can impact interventions selected. We suggest that applied behavior analysts should be knowledgeable of these issues and the implications they may have on the field of applied behavior analysis in general.

Use of technology in facilitating remote caregiver training for token systems.

The prevalence of autism continues to rise, yet the ability to receive treatment or caregiver training through traditional in-person methods continues to be a precluding factor for many families. Studies have shown that parent training provides benefits to caregivers and children through increased success of interventions, implementation, and generalization of skills. This study evaluated the effect of using technology for remote caregiver training of a token economy for use during routine non-preferred activities. A multiple-baseline design was implemented across two participants, through three phases. Additional surveys and interviews were conducted to evaluate social validity. Results revealed that caregivers acquired necessary skills to implement the fixed interval schedule of reinforcement with token system and participants reported experiencing greater positive interactions with the children. Limitations of this study included no data were collected on the children's behavior, nor were they trained on token economy use. Extraneous variables may have affected the results, such as unplanned household events. Results suggest that remote caregiver training can increase desirable interactions between caregiver and child, improve socially significant behaviors, and extend resources not typically available to all families.