A nomogram as an indirect method to identify sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia is one of the most common complications of cirrhosis, associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. It is therefore necessary to perform a proper nutritional evaluation in these patients. Although CT scans are the gold standard for diagnosing sarcopenia, they are not widely used in clinical practice. There is thus a need to find indirect methods for identifying sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study consecutively including all cirrhotic outpatients who underwent CT scans. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients met all the inclusion criteria and none of exclusion criteria. Fifty-five patients (31.6%) showed sarcopenia on CT scans. Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors that were independently associated with the presence of sarcopenia on CT scans were: male sex (OR 11.27, 95% CI 3.53-35.95; p<0.001), lower body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.34; p<0.001) and lower phase angle by bioelectrical impedance analysis (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.74-4.6; p<0.001). With the variables identified from the multivariate study we developed a nomogram that allows ruling out the presence of sarcopenia. Our model rules out sarcopenia with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.8. The cutoff point of the probability to rule out sarcopenia was 0.6 (sensitivity 85%, specificity 73%, Youden index 0.58, PPV 82.5% and NPV 91.3%). CONCLUSION: Since CT scans involve exposure to radiation and their availability is limited, we propose using this nomogram as an indirect method to rule out sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients.

Resultados de una encuesta nacional sobre conocimiento y uso de pseudociencias por parte de los pediatras / Results of a national survey on knowledge and use of complementary and alternative medicine by paediatricians

Introducción: El uso de determinadas pseudociencias en niños está documentado en España. El objetivo principal del estudio es estimar el grado de conocimiento, la recomendación y el uso de algunas pseudoterapias por parte de los pediatras españoles. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y de ámbito nacional, mediante encuesta en línea, enviada por correo electrónico a pediatras socios de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP), entre junio y julio de 2020. (AU)

Introduction: The use of certain Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) in children has been documented in Spain. The main aim of this study is to estimate the knowledge, recommendations, and use of CAM by Spanish paediatricians. Material and methods: A national study was conducted from June to July 2020 using an online questionnaire. Two e-mails were sent to paediatricians who were members of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (AEP). (AU)

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland.

To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.

Results of a national survey on knowledge and use of complementary and alternative medicine by paediatricians.

INTRODUCTION: The use of certain Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) in children has been documented in Spain. The main aim of this study is to estimate the knowledge, recommendations, and use of CAM by Spanish paediatricians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national study was conducted from June to July 2020 using an online questionnaire. Two e-mails were sent to paediatricians who were members of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (AEP). RESULTS: Out of 1414 responses received, acupuncture was considered as a science by 31.8%. Homeopathy was recommended to parents by 28.1%. CAM was used by 21.3% of physicians, at least once, to improve their own health. Only 3.8% had ever replaced a conventional treatment with CAM. The following variables were associated with a greater disposition to prescribe homeopathy: female, age over 45 years old, paediatricians working in Primary Care, and paediatricians working in private healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: This AEP Committee on Medicines questionnaire provides new data that should be considered alarming and should ask for a serious thinking on the use of CAM in Spain. Some paediatricians are recommending parents to give treatments not supported by scientific evidence to their children. This practice could be potentially harmful, especially when conventional treatment is being replaced.

[Off-label pediatric medicines in Spain]. / Medicamentos fuera de ficha técnica en Pediatría.

Since 2009, the use of off-label and unlicensed drugs has been regulated in Spain. In pediatrics, this exceptional use is more common than in other medical specialties. It varies from 10% to 90% of all prescriptions in children. This variability is due to differences in methodology, classification and sources of information used, and also to the different pediatrics subspecialties. In addition, the knowledge of several pediatricians on this issue is limited and more than half do not comply with the law, in many cases due to ignorance. However, the use of off-label and unlicensed drugs is legal and necessary. The Medicines Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (CM-AEP) considers that it is necessary to improve the existing information on medicines in the pediatric population. Therefore, the CM-AEP works out a document where suggestions and actions are proposed to achieve it, because children's health deserves it.

[Results of a national survey on knowledge and use of complementary and alternative medicine by paediatricians]. / Resultados de una encuesta nacional sobre conocimiento y uso de pseudociencias por parte de los pediatras.

INTRODUCTION: The use of certain Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) in children has been documented in Spain. The main aim of this study is to estimate the knowledge, recommendations, and use of CAM by Spanish paediatricians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national study was conducted from June to July 2020 using an online questionnaire. Two e-mails were sent to paediatricians who were members of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (AEP). RESULTS: Out of 1,414 responses received, acupuncture was considered as a science by 31.8%. Homeopathy was recommended to parents by 28.1%. CAM was used by 21.3% of physicians, at least once, to improve their own health. Only 3.8% had ever replaced a conventional treatment with CAM. The following variables were associated with a greater disposition to prescribe homeopathy: female, age over 45 years old, paediatricians working in Primary Care, and paediatricians working in private healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: This AEP Committee on Medicines questionnaire provides new data that should be considered alarming and should ask for a serious thinking on the use of CAM in Spain. Some paediatricians are recommending parents to give treatments not supported by scientific evidence to their children. This practice could be potentially harmful, especially when conventional treatment is being replaced.

Posicionamiento del Comité de Medicamentos de la Asociación Española de Pediatría en relación con el uso de medicinas alternativas y seudociencias en niños / Position Statement From The Spanish Association Of Paediatrics Medicines Committee Concerning The Use Of Alternative Medicine And Pseudo-Science In Children

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Subjective well-being and job performance: testing of a suppressor effect / El bienestar subjetivo y el desempeño en el trabajo: análisis de un efecto supresor

This is a four-year follow-up study on the relationship between the cognitive and emotional components of subjective well-being (SWB) and job performance. We hypothesized a positive relationship between these variables and job performance. The sample consisted of 170 managers of a Spanish company in the Information Technology and Communication (ITC) industry. The cognitive component of SWB was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life (SWL) scale and the emotional component with the SPANE scale. Two independent ratings, one from the direct supervisor and another from the HR manager, served as evaluations of job performance during four years in a row. Results showed that the two components of SWB predicted job performance over the four years. Additionally, when the two components are entered in a regression equation the validity increases over time as a consequence of a suppressor effect on the cognitive component of SWB. Finally, we discuss the implications for the theory and the practice of SWB at work

Este es un estudio de seguimiento a cuatro años sobre la relación entre los componentes cognitivos y emocionales del bienestar subjetivo (SWB) y el desempeño laboral. Nuestra hipótesis se refiere a la relación positiva entre estas variables y el desempeño laboral. La muestra estuvo formada por 170 managers de una empresa española de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El componente cognitivo de SWB se evaluó con la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWL) y el componente emocional con la escala SPANE. Dos calificaciones independientes, una del supervisor directo y otra del manager de recursos humanos, sirvieron para evaluar el desempeño laboral durante cuatro años consecutivos. Los resultados mostraron que los dos componentes de SWB predijeron el desempeño laboral durante los cuatro años. Además, cuando los dos componentes se incluyen en una ecuación de regresión, la validez aumenta con el tiempo como consecuencia de un efecto supresor sobre el componente cognitivo del SWB. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones para la teoría y la práctica de SWB en el trabajo

[Position Statement From The Spanish Association Of Paediatrics Medicines Committee Concerning The Use Of Alternative Medicine And Pseudo-Science In Children]. / Posicionamiento del Comité de Medicamentos de la Asociación Española de Pediatría en relación con el uso de medicinas alternativas y seudociencias en niños.

Currently, there are some therapies that are being practiced without adjusting to the available scientific evidence. The terminology is confusing, encompassing terms such as "alternative medicine", "natural medicine", "complementary medicine", "pseudoscience" or "pseudo-therapies". The Medicines Committee of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics considers that no health professional should recommend treatments not supported by scientific evidence. Also, diagnostic and therapeutic actions should be always based on protocols and clinical practice guidelines. Health authorities and judicial system should regulate and regularize the use of alternative medicines in children, warning parents and prescribers of possible sanctions in those cases in which the clinical evolution is not satisfactory, as well responsibilities are required for the practice of traditional medicine, for health professionals who act without complying with the "lex artis ad hoc", and for the parents who do not fulfill their duties of custody and protection. In addition, it considers that, as already has happened, Professional Associations should also sanction, or at least reprobate or correct, those health professionals who, under a scientific recognition obtained by a university degree, promote the use of therapies far from the scientific method and current evidence, especially in those cases in which it is recommended to replace conventional treatment with pseudo-therapy, and in any case if said substitution leads to a clinical worsening that could have been avoided.

Formación precoz de pannus: utilidad de la cardio-TC / Early pannus formation: usefulness of cardiac CT

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Síndrome de Alström: una rara causa de miocardiopatía / Alström syndrome: a rare cause of cardiomyopathy

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Palliative care in Africa: a scoping review from 2005-16.

Since the last comprehensive review on the development of national palliative care in Africa was undertaken 12 years ago, in 2005, we did a scoping review of peer-reviewed, published articles on palliative care development between 2005-16 for each African country. The scoping review was conducted by assessing the medical literature and including local expert recommendations of suggested articles. We did a basic quality assessment of the articles using the journals' impact factor, journal quartile, and the number of citations as suitable metrics for quality consideration. Articles published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French that mentioned at least one dimension of WHO's palliative care public health strategy (implementation of services, education, policies, or medicine availability) and vitality (activity by professionals or advocates) were included. Of the 518 articles found, 49 met the inclusion criteria. Information on 26 (48%) of 54 African countries was found. Most services were concentrated in Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda, and 14 (26%) countries showed an increase in services during this timeframe. Stand-alone palliative care policies exist in Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Postgraduate diplomas in palliative care are available in Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Tanzania. Restricted access to opioids, prescriber restriction laws, and a low prevalence of morphine use remain common barriers to adequate palliative care provision. Although information on palliative care is unevenly distributed, the available information showed an increased development of palliative care services in a subset of African countries. Despite this growth, however, there is still minimal to no identified palliative care development in most African countries.

Publications on Palliative Care Development Can Be Used as an Indicator of Palliative Care Development in Africa.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care (PC) research in Africa has been proposed as a fifth dimension of the World Health Organization PC Public Health Strategy. We conducted a scoping review of published articles (2005-2016) on palliative care development (PCD) in African countries. Forty-seven articles were found across 26 countries. OBJECTIVE: To study whether the number of published articles on PCD in countries in Africa can be used as an indicator of PCD. DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a completed scoping review. MEASUREMENTS: Spearman correlations were applied to the number of published articles ("published articles") and the number of published articles with a coauthor from a high-income country (HIC) ("HIC published articles") with level of PCD using Lynch et al's updated world map (PC World Map) as a proxy. A subanalysis was undertaken for Anglophone versus non-Anglophone countries. RESULTS: There were positive Spearman correlations (r) between the PC World Map's levels and published articles (r = 0.73; p < 0.001), and with HIC published articles (r = 0.68; p < 0.001). For Anglophone countries, the r was statistically significant (p < 0.001) at 0.69 and 0.70, versus 0.58 and 0.45 for non-Anglophone countries for published articles and HIC published articles, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference between Anglophone and non-Anglophone countries for both published articles and HIC published articles (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Published articles and HIC published articles on PCD in Africa had strong positive r's with the PC World Map. These measures may be considered as two indicators of PCD for countries in Africa, particularly for Anglophone countries.

Application of the malaria management model to the analysis of costs and benefits of DDT versus non-DDT malaria control.

INTRODUCTION: DDT is considered to be the most cost-effective insecticide for combating malaria. However, it is also the most environmentally persistent and can pose risks to human health when sprayed indoors. Therefore, the use of DDT for vector control remains controversial. METHODS: In this paper we develop a computer-based simulation model to assess some of the costs and benefits of the continued use of DDT for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) versus its rapid phase out. We apply the prototype model to the aggregated sub Saharan African region. For putting the question about the continued use of DDT for IRS versus its rapid phase out into perspective we calculate the same costs and benefits for alternative combinations of integrated vector management interventions. RESULTS: Our simulation results confirm that the current mix of integrated vector management interventions with DDT as the main insecticide is cheaper than the same mix with alternative insecticides when only direct costs are considered. However, combinations with a stronger focus on insecticide-treated bed nets and environmental management show higher levels of cost-effectiveness than interventions with a focus on IRS. Thus, this focus would also allow phasing out DDT in a cost-effective manner. Although a rapid phase out of DDT for IRS is the most expensive of the tested intervention combinations it can have important economic benefits in addition to health and environmental impacts that are difficult to assess in monetary terms. Those economic benefits captured by the model include the avoided risk of losses in agricultural exports. CONCLUSIONS: The prototype simulation model illustrates how a computer-based scenario analysis tool can inform debates on malaria control policies in general and on the continued use of DDT for IRS versus its rapid phase out in specific. Simulation models create systematic mechanisms for analyzing alternative interventions and making informed trade offs.

Síndrome compartimental crónico bilateral en un trabajador manual / Bilateral Chronic compartment syndrome in a manual worker

El síndrome compartimental crónico en el antebrazo es excepcional. Presentamos el caso de un trabajador manual de alta demanda con afectación bilateral simultánea. El tratamiento efectuado con una descompresión percutánea resultó efectiva (AU)

There are few reports concerning chronic compartment síndrome producing symptoms in the forearm. A clinical case of a manual worker with a bilateral simultaneous affection is presented. Percutaneous decompression was effective in relieving the symptoms related to chronic forearm compartment syndrome (AU)

Criterios de decisión clínica: ¿es posible desarrollar unas normas de Ottawa de muñeca? / Would it be possible to develop a set of Ottawa wrist rules to facilitate clinical decision-making?

Objetivo. Valorar la posibilidad de crear reglas de decisión clínica para el uso de la radiología convencional en los traumatismos agudos de muñeca.Material y método. Se desarrolló un estudio observacionalprospectivo. Se recogieron datos de pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias de nuestro hospital tras sufrir un traumatismo agudo de muñeca; 179 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. Se recogieron 46 variables de entrevista clínica y exploración física de cada paciente. Se analizó la concordancia inter-examinador de las variables, así como su asociación estadística con la radiología positiva de la muñeca.Los datos fueron posteriormente analizados mediante unanálisis multivariante.Resultados. Los 57 pacientes con imagen radiológica positiva de muñeca presentaron, al menos, una de las siguientes características: edad igual o superior a 35 años, edema en el dorso de la muñeca, limitación de la supinación o desviación radial activa y dolor o inestabilidad en la prueba del cajón radiocubital distal. Esta regla de decisión clínica es100% sensible y 37,7% específica para detectar pacientescon imagen radiológica positiva de muñeca en traumatismosagudos. Su uso en la muestra estudiada hubiera ahorradoun 15,6% de peticiones radiográficas.Conclusiones. Es necesario desarrollar un estudio más amplio para valorar la aceptación de unos criterios de decisión clínica para la realización de radiografías en los traumatismos agudos de muñeca

Purpose. To analyze the possibility of creating clinical decision- making rules to facilitate the assessment of conventional x-rays in acute wrist trauma.Materials and methods. This is a prospective observational study. Data was collected on patients treated at the Emergency Department of our hospital further to sustaining acute wrist trauma. 179 patients were included in the study. 46 clinical interview and physical examination variables were used for each patient. Inter-examiner concordance was analyzed for the variables, as well as their statistical associationwith positive wrist radiology. Data was subsequentlyanalyzed by means of multivariate analysis.Results. All 57 patients with positive wrist x-ray imagespresented with at least one of these characteristics: ageequal to or higher than 35, edema of the dorsum of thewrist; limited supination or active radial deviation; and pain or instability on the distal radioulnar drawer test. This clinical decision-making rule is 100% sensitive and 37.7% specific to detect patients with positive wrist x-ray images further to acute trauma. Its use in the sample under study would have reduced the number of x-ray requests by 15.6%.Conclusions. A broader study should be undertaken in order to assess the acceptance of a series of clinical decisionmaking criteria for the carrying out of radiographs further to acute wrist trauma (AU)