HBP, sonda vesical y litiasis vesical múltiple / BPH, indwelling catheter and multiple bladder stones

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[Evaluation of the consultants to a urology service at hospital level]. / Valoración de las interconsultas realizadas a un servicio de urología, a nivel hospitalario.

OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study were to value the quality of the contained information, the characteristics of the consultants (IC) and as well as to know the performance carried out by the service of Urology in our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was carried out an observational descriptive study where the documents of IC picked up by the service of Urology during 8 months were analyzed. Previously defined approaches of quality were used by Irazábal et al (changed) and Batista Miranda JE et al. RESULTS: They were picked up a total of 411 IC, arrivals to the service in a serial way. Coming from 27 hospital services. 82.2% of the derivatived patients were male. The half age of the patients was of 63, 25 years. 192 patients had personal urological records of interest (47%). The IC grouped in 27 different reasons. The reason of more frequent consultation was the incidentaloma with 21.5%. Regarding the grade of execution of the document of IC: there was perseverance of filiation data (96.3%), a description of the symptoms was in 68.2% and the physical examination appeared reflected in 8.8% of the total of the IC. They were requested as normal IC 63.4%, preferent 25% and urgent 11.7%. The days of answer to the IC it was of stocking of 1,45 days with typical deviation of 1,65 days. According to the established approaches, to classify the documents for adaptation level, they were classified as inappropriate to 32.9% of the IC (n = 135). They were classified in grade 1 the 44.6% (n = 183), grade 2 20% (n = 82) and grade 3 2.4% (n = 10). The attitude that was taken: it was remitted to External Consultations of Urology to 10.5% of the total of the IC, to the Center of Specialized Attention to 7.8%, it was requested complementary tests to 7.8%, it was remitted to the functional Tests of Urology, for the realization of some complementary test to 61 patients (14.9%), it was presented in Clinical Session of Urology to 5,6% of the patients, he/she moved to the Service of Urology to 2 patients (0.5%) and he/she took some other therapeutic attitude in 19.6%, these results had a p = 0.000 significance. CONCLUSION: In our study, we observe a high percentage as for the perseverance of the data of lightly inferior filiation in the description of the symptoms and considered low in the physical exploration. A high percentage of inappropriate considered IC. Regarding the attitude that took the Service of Urology, maybe had a low used of the Functional Unit. Until the moment and under our knowledge a study carried out in the environment from the realized IC to the Service of Urology in a Hospital of third level only exists and we believe that the realization of studies would improve the quality from the attendance to our patients.

Valoración de las interconsultas realizadas a un servicio de urología, a nivel hospitalario / Evaluation of the consultants to a urology service at hospital level

Objetivo: Los objetivos principales de este estudio fue valorar la calidad de la información contenida, las características de las interconsultas (IC) y así como conocer la actuación realizada por el servicio de Urología en nuestro hospital. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional donde fueron analizados los documentos de IC recogidos por el servicio de Urología durante 8 meses. Se utilizaron criterios de calidad previamente definidos por Irazábal et al (modificado) y Batista Miranda JE et al. Pacientes. Resultados: Fueron recogidos un total de 411 IC, llegadas al servicio de forma consecutiva. Procedentes de 27 servicios hospitalarios. El 82,2% de los pacientes derivados fueron varones. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 63,25 años. 192 pacientes tenían antecedentes personales urológicos de interés (47%). Las IC se agruparon en 27 motivos diferentes. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue el incidentaloma con 21,5% . Respecto al grado de cumplimiento del documento de IC: había constancia de datos de filiación (96,3%), una descripción de la sintomatología adecuada en el 68,2% y la exploración física aparecía reflejada en el 8,8% del total de las IC. Fueron solicitadas como IC normales el 63,4%, preferentes 25% y urgentes 11,7%. Los días de respuesta a las IC fueron de media de 1,45 días con desviación típica de1,65 días. Según los criterios establecidos, para clasificar los documentos por nivel de adecuación, fueron catalogadas como inapropiadas al 32,9% de las IC (n=135). Fueron clasificadas en grado 1 el 44,6% (n=183), grado 2 el 20% (n= 82) y grado 3 el 2,4% (n=10). La actitud que se tomó: se remitió a Consultas Externas de Urología al 10,5% del total de las IC, al Centro de Atención Especializada al 7,8%, se solicitó pruebas complementarias al 7,8%, se remitió al Pruebas funcionales de Urología, para la realización de alguna prueba complementaria a 61pacientes (14,9%), se presentó en Sesión Clínica de Urología al,6% de los pacientes, se trasladó al Servicio de Urología a 2 pacientes (0,5%)y se tomó alguna otra actitud terapéutica en el 19,6%, estos resultados tuvieron una significación de p=0,000. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, observamos un alto porcentaje en cuanto a la constancia de los datos de filiación ligeramente inferior en la descripción de la sintomatología y considerados bajos en la exploración física. Un alto porcentaje de IC consideradas inapropiadas. Respecto a la actitud que tomó el Servicio de Urología, quizás hubo una infrautilización de la Unidad de Pruebas funcionales. Hasta el momento y bajo nuestro conocimiento sólo existe un estudio realizado en el ámbito de las IC realizadas al Servicio de Urología en un Hospital de tercer nivel y creemos que la realización de estudios mejoraría la calidad de la asistencia a los pacientes (AU)

Summary: Objective: The main objectives of this study were to value the quality of the contained information, the characteristics of the consultants(IC) and as well as to know the performance carried out by the service of Urology in our hospital. Material and methods: It was carried out an observational descriptive study where the documents of IC picked up by the service of Urology during8 months were analyzed. Previously defined approaches of quality were used by Irazábal et al (changed) and Batista Miranda JE et al. Results: They were picked up a total of 411 IC, arrivals to the service in a serial way. Coming from 27 hospital services. 82,2% of the derivative patients were male. The half age of the patients was of 63, 25 years. 192 patients had personal urological records of interest (47%).The IC grouped in 27 different reasons. The reason of more frequent consultation was the incidentaloma with 21,5%. Regarding the grade of execution of the document of IC: there was perseverance of filiation data (96,3%), a description of the symptoms was in 68,2% and the physical examination appeared reflected in 8,8% of the total of the IC. They were requested as normal IC 63,4%, preferent 25% and urgent11,7%. The days of answer to the IC it was of stocking of 1,45 days with typical deviation of 1,65 days. According to the established approaches, to classify the documents for adaptation level, they were classified as inappropriate to 32,9% of the IC (n=135). They were classified in grade 1 the 44,6% (n=183), grade 2 20% (n=82) and grade 3 2,4% (n = 10). The attitude that was taken: it was remitted to External Consultations of Urology to 10,5% of the total of the IC, to the Center of Specialized Attention to 7,8%, it was requested complementary tests to 7,8%, it was remitted to the functional Tests of Urology, for the realization of some complementary test to 61 patients (14,9%), it was presented in Clinical Session of Urology to 5,6% of the patients, he/she moved to the Service of Urology to 2 patients (0,5%) and he/she took some other therapeutic attitude in 19,6%, these results had a p=0,000 significance. Conclusion: In our study, we observe a high percentage as for the perseverance of the data of lightly inferior filiation in the description of the symptoms and considered low in the physical exploration. A high percentage of inappropriate considered IC. Regarding the attitude that took the Service of Urology, maybe had a low used of the Functional Unit. Until the moment and under our knowledge a study carried out in the environment from the realized IC to the Service of Urology in a Hospital of third level only exists and we believe that the realization of studies would improve the quality from the attendance to our patients (AU)

[Clinical-pathological study of incidental renal cell carcinoma]. / Estudio clinico-patologico de los adenocarcinomas renales incidentales.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of renal cell carcinomas incidentally diagnosed (IRCC) and to compare their clinical and pathological characteristics with symptomatic or non-incidentally diagnosed tumors (SRCC). METHODS: We retrospectively study 189 patients who were diagnosed of renal carcinoma between 1990 and 1999. 166 underwent surgery (149 radical nephrectomy; 17 nephron-sparing surgery). We determine the percentage of IRCC detected by radiological tests and compare them with the SRCC diagnosed after presenting with some of the classic symptoms or metastasis, with special focus on tumor size, pathology stage, tumor recurrence, progression and evolution. RESULTS: 87 SRCC (46%); 102 SRCC (54%). There are not differences in terms of age, gender, side, and postoperative hospital stay. Tumor size was higher in the SRCC (mean 8.5 cm) than in the IRCC (6.3 cm). SRCC tumor stage was: pT1 27.3%, pT2 27.3%, pT3a 23.8%, pT3b 16.6%, pT3c 2.3%, and pT4 2.3%; IRCC stage was: pT1 51.3%, pT2 25.6%, pT3a 10.9%, pT3b 10.9%, pT3c 1.2%, and no pT4. The percentage of patients with lymph node involvement was higher (p = 0.02) in the SRCC (15%) than in the IRCC (4.8%). The percentage of patients with metastasis at the time of diagnosis was higher in the SRCC group (26%) than in the IRCC (9.2%). Recurrences were more frequent in the SRCC Group (8.3%) than in the IRCC (1.2%) (p = 0.07). Tumor progression was more frequent in the SRCC group (34%) than in the IRCC (7.3%) (p<0.01). 76% of the patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery were IRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is a high percentage of IRCC (46% in our series from 1990-99). Renal tumors presenting as IRCC have better prognosis, since they have significantly smaller size, lower stage, less advanced disease, less recurrences, and less progression than SRCC.

Estudio clínico-patológico de los adenocarcinomas renales incidentales / Clinical-pathology study of incidental renal cell carcinoma

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la proporción deadenocarcinomas renales (AR) diagnosticados deforma incidental (ARI) y compararlos desde el punto devista clínico y anatomopatológico con los diagnosticadosde modo no incidental o sintomáticos (ARS).MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente 189pacientes diagnosticados de AR entre los años 1990 y1999. 166 fueron operados (149 nefrectomía radical;17 cirugía conservadora). Se determinó la proporciónde ARI detectados por estudios de imagen y se compararoncon los ARS diagnosticados tras presentar algunode los síntomas clásicos o metástasis, con especialatención al tamaño tumoral, estadio patológico, recidivastumorales, progresión y evolución. RESULTADOS: 87 ARI (46%); 102 ARS (54%). No existendiferencias en cuanto a la edad, sexo, lado afectadoy estancia postoperatoria. El tamaño fue mayor enlos ARS (media 8.5 cm.) que en los ARI (media 6.3cm.). El estadio tumoral en los ARS: pT1 27.3%, pT227.3%, pT3a 23.8%, pT3b 16.6%, pT3c 2.3%, pT42.3%; mientras que en los ARI: pT1 51.3%, pT225.6%, pT3a 10.9%, pT3b 10.9%, pT3c 1.2% y ningunopT4. La proporción de pacientes con enfermedadganglionar fue mayor (p=0,02) en los ARS (15%) queen los ARI (4.8%). La proporción de pacientes conmetástasis a distancia en el momento del diagnósticofue mayor (p<0,01) en los ARS (26%) que en los ARI(9.2%). Las recidivas fueron más frecuentes (p=0,07) enlos ARS (8.3%) que en los ARI (1.2%). La progresión fuemás frecuente (p<0,01) en los ARS (34%) que en losARI (7.3%). De los pacientes que recibieron cirugía conservadora,el 76% fueron ARI.CONCLUSIONES: En la actualidad existe un elevadoporcentaje de ARI (46% en nuestra serie de los años1990-99). Los tumores renales que debutan como ARItienen mejor pronóstico, ya que presentan significativamentemenor tamaño, mejor estadio, enfermedadmenos avanzada, menos recidivas y menor progresiónque los ARS

OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of renal cell carcinomas incidentally diagnosed (IRCC) and to compare their clinical and pathological characteristics with symptomatic or non-incidentally diagnosed tumors (SRCC) METHODS: We retrospectively study 189 patients who were diagnosed of renal carcinoma between 1990 and 1999. 166 underwent surgery (149 radical nephrectomy; 17 nephron-sparing surgery). We determine the percentage of IRCC detected by radiological tests and compare them with the SRCC diagnosed after presenting with some of the classic symptoms or metastasis, with special focus on tumor size, pathology stage, tumor recurrence, progression and evolution. RESULTS: 87 SRCC (46%); 102 SRCC (54%). There are not differences in terms of age, gender, side, and postoperative hospital stay. Tumor size was higher in the SRCC (mean 8. 5 cm) than in the IRCC (6.3 cm). SRCC tumor stage was: pT1 27.3%, pT2 27.3%, pT3a 23.8%, pT3b 16.6%, pT3c 2.3%, and pT4 2.3% ;IRCC stage was: pT1 51.3%, pT2 25.6%, pT3a 10.9%, pT3b 10.9%, pT3c 1.2%, and no pT4. The percentage of patients with lymph node involvement was higher (p = 0.02) in the SRCC (15%) than in the IRCC (4.8%). The percentage of patients with metastasis at the time of diagnosis was higher in the SRCC group (26%) than in the IRCC (9.2%). Recurrences were more frequent in the SRCC Group (8.3%) than in the IRCC (1.2%) (p = 0.07). Tumor progression was more frequent in the SRCC group (34%) than in the IRCC (7.3%) (p<0.01). 76% of the patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery were IRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is a high percentage of IRCC (46% in our series from 1990-99). Renal tumors presenting as IRCC have better prognosis, since they have significantly smaller size, lower stage, less advanced disease, less recurrences, and less progression than SRCC

[Cutaneous metastasis of a renal carcinoma: case report and review]. / Metastasis cutánea del cáncer renal: caso clínico y revisión.

OBJECTIVES: To report another rare case of skin metastasis from a renal adenocarcinoma, analyzing the prognostic significance, response to therapy, and clinical presentation after a bibliographic review. METHODS/RESULTS: We report the case of a 65-year-old male with a cutaneous metastasis in the root of his inferior left extremity one year after right nephrectomy for a clear cell adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Skin metastases usually present as solitary cutaneous lesions of variable macroscopic features and rapid growing; the diagnosis is made by histological analysis, being excision the treatment of choice whenever possible. Prognosis is better for solitary lesions appearing asynchronously with the primary tumor, and among them the longer the time after diagnosis of initial lesion they appear the better the prognosis.

Metastasis cutánea del cáncer renal: caso clínico y revisión / Cutaneous metastasis of a renal carcinoma: case report and review

OBJETIVO: Añadir a la literatura un caso clínicopoco habitual de metástasis cutánea del adenocarcinomarenal analizando la significación pronóstica, el comportamientofrente a la terapéutica y la presentación clínicade éstas en base a una revisión bibliográfica de la literaturaal respecto.MÉTODOS/RESULTADOS: Presentamos el caso clínico deun varón de 65 años con una metástasis cutánea en raízde miembro inferior izquierdo un año después de la realizaciónde una nefrectomía radical por un adenocarcinomade células claras.CONCLUSIONES: Se suelen presentar como lesionescutáneas solitarias de características macroscópicas variablesy de rápido crecimiento, cuyo diagnóstico se realizaen base al análisis histológico e, indicándose como tratamientola exéresis siempre que sea posible realizarla.El pronóstico es mejor en las lesiones solitarias , asíncronasen relación al tumor primario y dentro de ellas aquellasen las que el tiempo de aparición de dicha metástasises mayor con respecto al momento de diagnóstico de lalesión inicial

OBJECTIVES: To report another rare case of skin metastasis from a renal adenocarcinoma, analyzing the prognostic significance, response to therapy, and clinical presentation after a bibliographic review. METHODS/RESULTS: We report the case of a 65-year-old male with a cutaneous metastasis in the root of his inferior left extremity one year after right nephrectomy for a clear cell adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Skin metastases usually present as solitary cutaneous lesions of variable macroscopic features and rapid growing; the diagnosis is made by histological analysis, being excision the treatment of choice whenever possible. Prognosis is better for solitary lesions appearing asynchronously with the primary tumor, and among them the longer the time after diagnosis of initial lesion they appear the better the prognosis

[Urologic damage of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome]. / Manifestaciones urológicas del síndrome antifosfolípido primario. Vejiga neurógena.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a review and update of the antiphospholipid syndrome summarizing its urological presentations. METHODS: A complete bibliographic search was performed through PubMed MEDLINE and articles were reviewed with special attention to those bibliographic references about urological presentations. We document the unique and unpublished case of a patient with neurogenic bladder secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired autoimmune systemic disease generating a permanent hypercoagulability status with recurrent multiorgan thrombotic events due to circulating antiphospholipid antibodies. It may be secondary to a heterogeneous group of diseases (mainly lupus) and drugs, or primary if it appears isolated without any demonstrable systemic disease or concomitant medication. It is mainly characterized by venous or arterial recurrent thrombosis, recurrent abortion, thrombocytopenia, and circulating antiphospholipid auto-antibodies. Treatment with anticoagulants and correction of the hypercoagulable status contributing factors, arterial or venous thrombosis, and vascular risk aim to avoid new thrombosis episodes. Genitourynary system may be affected in any of its parts, generally by arterial or venous thrombosis. Kidney is the most frequently affected organ, in addition to transplanted kidney grafts, adrenal glands, bladder and testicles. There is a relationship between antiphospholipid syndrome and infertility. For the first time, we describe bladder involvement presenting as hyperreflexic neurogenic bladder with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia after spontaneous spinal cord thrombosis in an asymptomatic adolescent with primary antiphospholipid syndrome which was unknown before.

[Age of onset of urolithiasis: relation to clinical and metabolic risk factors]. / Edad de comienzo de la enfermedad litiásica: relación con factores clínicos y de riesgo metabólico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the age of onset of urolithiasis in patients with urinary calcium stones and to establish the relationship between age of onset and clinical profile and metabolic risk factors. METHODS: A total of 500 patients with the diagnosis of calcium urinary lithiasis (average age 47.4 years, range 20-75) were asked regarding the age of onset of the disease. Age of onset of urinary stone disease was compared with other factors such as gender, family history of lithiasis, clinical course, unique or recurrent episodes, and metabolic disturbances found in a comprehensive metabolic evaluation, using the chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (one way-ANOVA) with the Scheffe test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Mean age of onset of urinary stone disease was 38 years (range 4-73 years). This age of onset was lower in patients with low diuresis (31 years), family history of urolithiasis (32 years), hypercalciuria (36 years), recurrent disease (37 years), and hyperuricosuria (37 years). Significant differences were found in patients who had family history of urolithiasis (32 years) vs. those who did not have (40 years) (p < 0.01); patients with recurrent disease (37 years) vs. patients with a unique lithiasic episode (43 years) (p < 0.001); patients with hypercalciuria (36 years) vs. those who did not have (39 years) (p < 0.05); and also patients with low diuresis (31 years) vs. those with higher diuresis (39 years) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The average age of onset of urolithiasis is significantly earlier in patients with low fluid intake habits, family history of urolithiasis, hypercalciuria and recurrent stone disease.

Medición del grado de satisfacción del paciente tratado en una Unidad de Litotricia Extracorpórea / Measurement of patient´s satisfaction after treatment in an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy unit

OBJETIVOS: Conocer el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes diagnosticados de litiasis urinaria tratados con litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) en nuestra Unidad de Litotricia Renal mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios. MÉTODOS: Un total de 100 pacientes con litiasis urinaria, 54 varones y 46 mujeres con una edad media de 50 años, tratados con LEOC, responden a un cuestionario de 6 preguntas con formato de respuesta tipo Lickert (de 1 a 5) para evaluar la satisfacción del paciente respecto al tratamiento recibido. Las respuestas registradas en cada cuestión se relacionan con las características clínicas de cada paciente aplicando los test de chi-cuadrado y regresión lineal para comprobar el grado de significación de estas relaciones. RESULTADOS: El grado de satisfacción general fue elevado con una puntuación media de 4,33 entre las 6 cuestiones planteadas. La cuestión mejor valorada fue la que hacía referencia al grado de cumplimiento de la asistencia recibida respecto a la que estaba planificada. También tuvieron una buena valoración las cuestiones que hacían referencia a la idoneidad del tratamiento, el tiempo de duración esperado y la ausencia de complejidad del mismo. La cuestión peor valorada fue la referida al grado de dolor durante el tratamiento que, si bien algunos pacientes refirieron tener más dolor del esperado, la puntuación media (3,81) se mantuvo en niveles de buena aceptación. CONCLUSIONES: La LEOC tuvo un alto grado de satisfacción en los pacientes tratados por litiasis urinaria que se manifiesta tanto por su idoneidad, fácil planificación y desarrollo como asimismo bajo grado de complejidad. El grado de dolor experimentado por los pacientes durante el tratamiento es bien tolerado por lo que no se hace necesario el uso general e indiscriminado de la anestesia (AU)

[Staging of infiltrating bladder cancer. Role of C.T. scan]. / Estadiaje del cáncer de vejiga infiltrante. Papel de la T.A.C.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the role of CT-scan on preoperative determination of bladder and lymph node involvement of infiltrative bladder cancer, and its possible impact on the surgical management of these patients. METHODS: Retrospective study including 115 patients with the diagnosis of infiltrative bladder cancer between 1984 and 1999. The ability of CT-scan for bladder and lymph node staging was evaluated comparing results with the findings after radical surgery. Potential impact of this imaging technique on change of surgical attitudes was evaluated. RESULTS: Perivesical involvement estimation by CT-scan was right in 36.5%, underestimated in 49.6% and overestimated in 14%. The more advanced the perivesical involvement the lower the sensitivity for CT-scan in perivesical staging. The more locally advanced tumour the higher specificity, oscillating between 44% for pT2 and 94% for pT4. In reference to lymph node staging, it was correct in 71.3% of the cases, although this percentage depended almost exclusively on patients with negative nodes (N-). However, there was a 24.3% understaging rate which corresponded to the majority of N+ patients. These data offer a 28% sensitivity, 93% specificity, 68% positive predictive value, and 72% negative predictive value. Finally, the reliability of bladder staging in patients with lymph node involvement (N+) (39 patients) was established; it was correctly estimated in as low as 30% of the cases with a 70% understaging rate. CT-scan would have modified surgical attitudes in only 6 patients (5%), all of them with advanced tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of CT-scan on infiltrative bladder cancer clinical staging is relatively low. The highest benefit is obtained in patients suspect of having advanced disease. Limitation to this group would result in significative cost reductions with low risk for unappropriate surgical management.

Estadiaje del cáncer de vejiga infiltrante. Papel de la T.A.C / Infiltrative bladder cancer staging: The role of CT-scan

OBJETIVOS: Analizar el papel de la T.A.C. en la determinación prequirúrgica de afectación vesical y ganglionar, del cáncer vesical infiltrante, así como su posible impacto en el manejo quirúrgico de estos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 115 pacientes con cáncer vesical infiltrante diagnosticados en el período 1984-1999. Se determinó la capacidad de la T.A.C. para el estadiaje vesical y ganglionar y se compararon los resultados con los obtenidos tras la cirugía radical. Se evaluó el posible impacto de esta técnica de imagen en el cambio de actitud quirúrgica en estos pacientes. RESULTADOS: La estimación de afectación perivesical con T.A.C. fue correcta en 36,5 per cent, fue subestadiada en 49,6 per cent, y sobreestadiada en 14 per cent. La T.A.C. para el estadiaje perivesical posee una sensibilidad más baja cuanto más avanzada es dicha afectación. Su especificidad es más elevada cuanto más avanzado localmente sea el tumor, oscilando entre 44 per cent en los pT2 y el 94 per cent en los pT4.En lo referente al estadiaje ganglionar, es correcto en 71,3 per cent de los casos, aunque este porcentaje depende casi exclusivamente de los pacientes con ganglios negativos (N-). Existe, sin embargo, una tasa de subestadiaje de 24,3 per cent que corresponde a la mayoría de los pacientes N+. Estos datos nos ofrecen una sensibilidad del 28 per cent, especificidad de 93 per cent, valor predictivo positivo de 68 per cent, y predictivo negativo de 72 per cent.Por último, se establece la fiabilidad del estadiaje vesical en los pacientes con afectación ganglionar (N+) (39 pacientes), habiendo estimado correctamente un escaso 30 per cent con una tasa de subestadiaje del 70 per cent. Esta prueba solo habría modificado la actitud quirúrgica en 6 pacientes (5 per cent), todos en estadios avanzados. CONCLUSIONES: El impacto de la T.A.C. en el estadiaje clínico del cáncer vesical infiltrante es relativamente bajo. El mayor beneficio se obtiene en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad avanzada. Su limitación a este grupo supondría una significativa reducción de costes con bajo riesgo de un manejo quirúrgico inapropiado (AU)

[Measuring the degree of patient satisfaction treated at an extracorporeal lithotripsy unit]. / Medición del grado de satisfacción del paciente tratado en una Unidad de Litotricia Extracorpórea.

OBJECTIVES: To determine by questionnaires the level of satisfaction of patients diagnosed of urinary lithiasis treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in our Renal Stone Centre. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with urinary lithiasis who underwent ESWL, 54 males and 46 females with an average age of 50 years, answered a Lickert type questionnaire (score 1 to 5) consisting of 6 questions to evaluate the patient satisfaction regarding the treatment received. The relationship between answers to each question and patient's clinical characteristics were analyzed applying chi-square and linear regression to determine the level of significance of these relationships. RESULTS: General satisfaction level was high, with a mean score of 4.33 for the six questions. The most valued question was the one referred to assistance received in relation to the planned medical one. Questions referred to treatment suitability, expected timing, and absence of complexity were also highly valued. The least valued question was the one referred to pain level during treatment, which level was kept in a good approval degree with a mean score of 3.81 despite the fact that some patients said they suffered more pain than expected. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL resulted in a high level of satisfaction among patients treated for urinary lithiasis, revealed not only by its suitability, easy planning and performance, but also by its low level of complexity. Pain experienced by these patients during treatment was well-tolerated, so that general use of anesthesia was not required.

[Bladder choriocarcinoma: retrospective analysis of the de-differentiation of a transitional-cell papillary bladder carcinoma. Apropos of a case]. / Coriocarcinoma vesical; análisis retrospectivo de la desdiferenciación de un carcinoma vesical papilar de células transicionales a propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of choriocarcinoma of the bladder during the different periods of its evolution. The anatomopathological study showing dedifferentiation of a transitional cell tumor is presented and the histogenesis of this rare tumor is discussed. METHODS: A case of a rapidly progressing transitional cell tumor of the bladder that dedifferentiated into choriocarcinoma is presented. The pathological findings of the first resections of the transitional cell tumor that progressed to choriocarcinoma are presented and the histogenesis is discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Choriocarcinoma of the bladder is very rare, highly malignant and carries a poor prognosis. Its origin is widely accepted to be in the dedifferentiation of a transitional cell tumor. The use of immunohistochemistry and the positivity of HCG support the diagnosis.

[Ureteroplasty using the appendix: apropos of a case]. / Ureteroplastia con apéndice: a propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of ureteroplasty using the vermiform appendix. METHODS: Herein we describe a patient who underwent partial resection of the ureter due to a neoplasm. The ureteral defect was repaired using the vermiform appendix. The surgical technique and the results achieved are presented and the literature is briefly reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The few cases reported in the literature and the case described herein show the utility of the vermiform appendix for ureteral substitution in specific cases where this procedure is indicated.

Coriocarcinoma vesical; análisis retrospectivo de la desdiferenciación de un carcinoma vesical papilar de células transicionales a propósito de un caso / Choriocarcinoma of the bladder: Retrospective analysis of the dedifferentiation of a transtional cell papillary carcinoma of the bladder wit report of one case

Objetivos: Presentar un caso clínico de coriocarcinoma vesical en distintos momentos de su evolución con estudio anatomo patológico amplio en donde parece demostrarse la postura de la desdiferenciación de un tumor de células transicionales.Destacar por su extraordinaria infrecuencia y rareza al coriocarcinoma vesical, el cual plantea la duda y la discusión sobre su histogénesis debatida por varios autores.Métodos Y Resultados: Se presenta un caso clínico de un tumor vesical de células transicionales que evoluciona progresiva y rápidamente, desdiferenciándose en un coriocarcinoma. Se presenta el estudio anatomo patológico de las primeras resecciones del tumor de células transicionales y su evolución hacia coriocarcinoma. Se presenta la discusión sobre la histogénesis.Conclusiones: El coriocarcinoma vesical es extremadamente raro e infrecuente, con alto grado de malignidad y mal pronóstico. Su origen mas ampliamente aceptado se encuentra en la desdiferenciación de un tumor de células transicionales. El empleo de la inmunohistoquímica y la positividad para HCG apoya el diagnostico (AU)

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Ureteroplastia con apéndice: a propósito de un caso / Uteroplasty with vermiform appendix: A case report

Objetivo: Comunicar un caso de uso de apéndice para reparar un defecto ureteral. Dado el escaso número de referencias en la literatura nos parece interesante aportar una más para recordar este procedimiento.Métodos: Se presenta un caso clínico en el cual por proceso neoplásico es necesario resecar parcialmente uréter, y su posterior reconstrucción. Se expone la técnica quirúrgica y la evolución.Resultados/conclusiones: Haciendo una breve revisión de la literatura y demostrando como ejemplo nuestra propia experiencia nos parece que el apéndice vermiforme es un buen sustituto ureteral en casos determinados y bajo ciertas indicaciones clínicas (AU)

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