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2.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 70(11): 1239-1245, 2016 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27273067

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There has been recent interest in barley as a therapeutic food owing to its high content of beta-glucan (ß-glucan), a viscous soluble fiber recognized for its cholesterol-lowering properties. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the cholesterol-lowering potential of barley ß-glucan on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. We included RCTs of ⩾3-week duration assessing the effect of diets enriched with barley ß-glucan compared with controlled diets on LDL-C, non-HDL-C or apoB. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. Data were pooled using the generic inverse-variance method with random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q-statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. RESULTS: Fourteen trials (N=615) were included in the final analysis. A median dose of 6.5 and 6.9 g/day of barley ß-glucan for a median duration of 4 weeks significantly reduced LDL-C (MD=-0.25 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.30, -0.20)) and non-HDL-C (MD=-0.31 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.39, -0.23)), respectively, with no significant changes to apoB levels, compared with control diets. There was evidence of considerable unexplained heterogeneity in the analysis of non-HDL-C (I2=98%). CONCLUSIONS: Pooled analyses show that barley ß-glucan has a lowering effect on LDL-C and non-HDL-C. Inclusion of barley-containing foods may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD risk reduction.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Dietary Supplements , Hordeum , beta-Glucans/administration & dosage , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/blood , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
3.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis ; 24(8): 845-52, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24925120

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nut consumption has been associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes which has been largely attributed to their healthy fatty acid profile, yet this has not been ascertained. Therefore, we investigated the effect of nut consumption on serum fatty acid concentrations and how these relate to changes in markers of glycemic control and calculated CHD risk score in type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: 117 subjects with type 2 diabetes consumed one of three iso-energetic (mean 475 kcal/d) supplements for 12 weeks: 1. full-dose nuts (50-100 g/d); 2. half-dose nuts with half-dose muffins; and 3. full-dose muffins. In this secondary analysis, fatty acid concentrations in the phospholipid, triacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and cholesteryl ester fractions from fasting blood samples obtained at baseline and week 12 were analyzed using thin layer and gas chromatography. Full-dose nut supplementation significantly increased serum oleic acid (OA) and MUFAs compared to the control in the phospholipid fraction (OA: P = 0.036; MUFAs: P = 0.024). Inverse associations were found with changes in CHD risk versus changes in OA and MUFAs in the triacylglycerol (r = -0.256, P = 0.011; r = -0.228, P = 0.024, respectively) and phospholipid (r = -0.278, P = 0.006; r = -0.260, P = 0.010, respectively) fractions. In the cholesteryl ester fraction, change in MUFAs was inversely associated with markers of glycemic control (HbA1c: r = -0.250, P = 0.013; fasting blood glucose: r = -0.395, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Nut consumption increased OA and MUFA content of the serum phospholipid fraction, which was inversely associated with CHD risk factors and 10-year CHD risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REG NO: NCT00410722, clinicaltrials.gov.


Subject(s)
Coronary Disease/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/blood , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Nuts , Adult , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cholesterol/blood , Coronary Disease/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diet , Energy Intake , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Phospholipids/blood , Triglycerides/blood
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