Resistencia a fármacos antituberculosos de primera línea en Españna durante 2010-2011. Estudio RETUBES / Resistance to First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in Spain, 2010-2011. RETUBES Study

Introducción: La magnitud de la resistencia actual a fármacos antituberculosos en España es desconocida. El objetivo del estudio es describir la resistencia a fármacos antituberculosos de primera línea y determinar sus factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes tuberculosos adultos con aislamiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y antibiograma de fármacos de primera línea en 32 hospitales y un centro extrahospitalario del sistema sanitario nacional durante los años 2010 y 2011. Resultados: Se estudió a 519 pacientes, 342 españoles y 177 (34,1%) extranjeros, 48 de ellos (9,2%) con resistencia a cualquier fármaco, de los que 35 (6,7%) eran resistentes a isoniacida. Hubo 10 casos multirresistentes (1,9%) y ninguno extremadamente resistente. Se detectó resistencia inicial a isoniacida en 28 de los 487 (5,7%) pacientes sin antecedentes de tratamiento antituberculoso previo, afectando más a los extranjeros (p < 0,01), y resistencia adquirida en 7 (22,6%) casos previamente tratados. La multirresistencia fue inicial en 6 casos (1,2%) y adquirida en otros 4 (12,9%). Los factores asociados a tener resistencia inicial a isoniacida fueron ser inmigrante y la convivencia en grupo (OR = 2,3; IC del 95%, 0,98- 5,67, y OR = 2,2; IC del 95%, 1,05-7,07, respectivamente). El factor asociado a la existencia de resistencia adquirida a isoniacida fue la edad inferior a 50 años (p = 0,03). Conclusiones: La tasa de resistencia inicial a isoniacida es superior a la estimada, probablemente debida al aumento de la inmigración durante los últimos años, lo que aconseja su vigilancia nacional sistemática. Los individuos inmigrantes y los que conviven en grupo tienen mayor riesgo de tener resistencia a isoniacida

Introduction: The magnitude of current resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Spain is unknown. The objective of this study is to describe resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs and determine the associated factors. Methods: Prospective multicenter study of adult tuberculosis patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and antibiogram including first-line drugs in 32 hospitals and one out-patient center of the Spanish Health System between 2010 and 2011. Results: A total of 519 patients, 342 Spanish nationals and 177 (34.1%) foreigners were studied. Drug resistance was found in 48 (9.2%), of which 35 (6.7%) were isoniazid-resistant. There were 10 (1.9%) multiresistant cases and no strain was extremely resistant. Initial isoniazid resistance was detected in 28 of the 487 (5.7%) antituberulosis-naïve patients, most of whom were foreigners (P<.01). Acquired resistance was seen in 7 (22.6%) previously treated cases. Multiresistance was initial in 6 cases (1.2%) and acquired in another 4 (12.9%). Factors associated with initial isoniazid resistance were immigrant status and group cohabitation OR = 2.3; 95%CI: .98-5.67 and OR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.05-7.07 respectively). The factor associated with acquired resistance to isoniazid was age below 50 years (P=.03). Conclusions: The rate of initial isoniazid resistance is greater than estimated, probably due to the increase in immigration during recent years, suggesting that systematic national monitoring is required. Immigrants and those who cohabit in groups have a higher risk of isoniazid resistance

Resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs in Spain, 2010-2011. RETUBES Study.

INTRODUCTION: The magnitude of current resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Spain is unknown. The objective of this study is to describe resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs and determine the associated factors. METHODS: Prospective multicenter study of adult tuberculosis patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and antibiogram including first-line drugs in 32 hospitals and one out-patient center of the Spanish Health System between 2010 and 2011. RESULTS: A total of 519 patients, 342 Spanish nationals and 177 (34.1%) foreigners were studied. Drug resistance was found in 48 (9.2%), of which 35 (6.7%) were isoniazid-resistant. There were 10 (1.9%) multiresistant cases and no strain was extremely resistant. Initial isoniazid resistance was detected in 28 of the 487 (5.7%) antituberulosis-naïve patients, most of whom were foreigners (P<.01). Acquired resistance was seen in 7 (22.6%) previously treated cases. Multiresistance was initial in 6 cases (1.2%) and acquired in another 4 (12.9%). Factors associated with initial isoniazid resistance were immigrant status and group cohabitation OR=2.3; 95%CI: .98-5.67 and OR=2.2; 95%CI: 1.05-7.07 respectively). The factor associated with acquired resistance to isoniazid was age below 50 years (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of initial isoniazid resistance is greater than estimated, probably due to the increase in immigration during recent years, suggesting that systematic national monitoring is required. Immigrants and those who cohabit in groups have a higher risk of isoniazid resistance.

Consistencia interna y validez de la versión española del cuestionario de calidad de vida específico para el síndrome de apnea del sueño: Sleep Apnoea Quality of Life Index / Internal Consistency and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la versión española del Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index (SAQLI), cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) específico para el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (SAHS), y evaluar su sensibilidad al cambio. Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico en un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de SAHS (índice de apnea/hipopnea [IAH] ≥5) enviados a las unidades de sueño. En todos los pacientes se administraron los cuestionarios: SF-36, FOSQ, SAQLI y test de Epworth. Se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas (consistencia interna, validez de constructo, validez concurrente, validez predictora, fiabilidad test-retest y sensibilidad al cambio) del cuestionario SAQLI (4 dominios: funcionamiento diario, interacciones sociales, funcionamiento emocional y síntomas; dispone de un quinto opcional: síntomas relacionados con el tratamiento). Resultados: Se incluyeron 162 pacientes (media de edad: 58±12 años; Epworth: 10±4; IMC: 33±5,9kg m−2; IAH: 37±15h−1). El análisis factorial mostró un constructo de 4 factores, distribuidos de manera similar a los dominios del cuestionario original. La consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach entre 0,78 y 0,82 para los distintos dominios), la validez concurrente con respecto al SF-36, Epworth y FOSQ, así como la fiabilidad test-retest, fueron adecuadas. La validez predictora del cuestionario no mostró correlaciones significativas por gravedad de SAHS. El SAQLI mostró una buena sensibilidad al cambio en todos los dominios que componen el cuestionario (p<0,01). Conclusiones: La versión española del SAQLI presenta características psicométricas adecuadas para su utilización en pacientes con SAHS y es sensible al cambio(AU)

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the SAQLI, which is a health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire specific for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), and to assess its sensitivity to change. Material and methods: A multicenter study performed in a group of patients with SAHS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) who had been referred to the centers’ Sleep Units. All patients completed the following questionnaires: SF-36, FOSQ, SAQLI and Epworth scale. The psychometric properties (internal consistency, construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive value, repeatability and responsiveness to change) of the SAQLI were assessed (four domains: daily function, social interactions, emotional function and symptoms; an optional fifth domain is treatment-related symptoms). Results: One hundred sixty-two patients were included for study (mean age: 58±12; Epworth: 10±4; BMI: 33±5.9kg m−2; AHI: 37±15hour−1). The factorial analysis showed a construct of four factors with similar distribution to the original questionnaire domains. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.78 and 0.82 for the different domains), concurrent validity for SF-36, Epworth scale and FOSQ, and test-retest reliability were appropriate. The predictive validity of the questionnaire showed no significant correlations with the severity of SAHS. SAQLI showed good sensitivity to change in all the domains of the questionnaire (p<0,01). Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SAQLI is a valid HRQL measurement with appropriate psychometric properties for use in patients with SAHS and it is sensitive to change(AU)

A predictive scoring instrument for tuberculosis lost to follow-up outcome.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is troublesome, due to long therapy duration, quick therapeutic response which allows the patient to disregard about the rest of their treatment and the lack of motivation on behalf of the patient for improved. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a scoring system to predict the probability of lost to follow-up outcome in TB patients as a way to identify patients suitable for directly observed treatments (DOT) and other interventions to improve adherence. METHODS: Two prospective cohorts, were used to develop and validate a logistic regression model. A scoring system was constructed, based on the coefficients of factors associated with a lost to follow-up outcome. The probability of lost to follow-up outcome associated with each score was calculated. Predictions in both cohorts were tested using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). RESULTS: The best model to predict lost to follow-up outcome included the following characteristics: immigration (1 point value), living alone (1 point) or in an institution (2 points), previous anti-TB treatment (2 points), poor patient understanding (2 points), intravenous drugs use (IDU) (4 points) or unknown IDU status (1 point). Scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 points were associated with a lost to follow-up probability of 2,2% 5,4% 9,9%, 16,4%, 15%, and 28%, respectively. The ROC curve for the validation group demonstrated a good fit (AUC: 0,67 [95% CI; 0,65-0,70]). CONCLUSION: This model has a good capacity to predict a lost to follow-up outcome. Its use could help TB Programs to determine which patients are good candidates for DOT and other strategies to improve TB treatment adherence.

Internal consistency and validity of the Spanish version of the quality of life questionnaire specific for obstructive sleep apnea: sleep apnea quality of life index.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the SAQLI, which is a health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire specific for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), and to assess its sensitivity to change. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter study performed in a group of patients with SAHS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) who had been referred to the centers' Sleep Units. All patients completed the following questionnaires: SF-36, FOSQ, SAQLI and Epworth scale. The psychometric properties (internal consistency, construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive value, repeatability and responsiveness to change) of the SAQLI were assessed (four domains: daily function, social interactions, emotional function and symptoms; an optional fifth domain is treatment-related symptoms). RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two patients were included for study (mean age: 58±12; Epworth: 10±4; BMI: 33±5.9kg m(-2); AHI: 37±15hour(-1)). The factorial analysis showed a construct of four factors with similar distribution to the original questionnaire domains. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.78 and 0.82 for the different domains), concurrent validity for SF-36, Epworth scale and FOSQ, and test-retest reliability were appropriate. The predictive validity of the questionnaire showed no significant correlations with the severity of SAHS. SAQLI showed good sensitivity to change in all the domains of the questionnaire (p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the SAQLI is a valid HRQL measurement with appropriate psychometric properties for use in patients with SAHS and it is sensitive to change.

Traducción y adaptación al castellano del cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionado con el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño Quebec Sleep Questionnaire / Translation and adaptation to Spanish language of the quality of life questionnaire for sleep apnea-hipopnea syndrome Quebec Sleep Questionnaire

Fundamento y objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es realizar la traducción y adaptación al castellano del cuestionario Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ). Método: Para la adaptación transcultural del QSQ se ha utilizado la técnica de retrotraducción. Un psicólogo y un neumólogo hicieron una primera traducción del cuestionario. Se puntuó de forma independiente la naturalidad/corrección de los ítems y la equivalencia conceptual y se pasó el cuestionario a un grupo de pacientes. Se remitió al autor una retrotraducción al inglés. Resultados: La mayoría de los ítems tuvieron una dificultad mínima en la traducción. Tan solo en 4 de ellos (ítems 2, 7, 8, 30) la dificultad fue moderada. La naturalidad/corrección fue máxima en casi todos los ítems excepto en 4 que, sin embargo, era excelente (de 8 a 9 puntos). La equivalencia conceptual fue completa en todos menos en el ítem 2, en el que fue parcialmente equivalente. Conclusiones: Se ha realizado la primera traducción y adaptación al castellano del cuestionario de calidad de vida QSQ. La traducción tiene una dificultad mínima y su equivalencia conceptual es prácticamente completa (AU)

Background and objective: The objective of this study was to translate and adapt to Spanish the Québec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ).Methods: For QSQ tran-cultural adaptation, the back-translation technique was used. A psychologist and a pneumonologist made a first translation of the questionnaire. Naturalness-correctness of items and conceptual equivalence were evaluated by external researchers and a group of patients. A back-translation was finally remitted to author. Results: Most of the items had minimal difficulty in translation. The difficulty was moderate in only 4 of them (items 2, 7, 8, 30). Naturalness-correctness was maximal in most items and excellent in 4 (8 to 9 points). The conceptual equivalence was complete in all the items, except item 2 that showed a partial equivalence. Conclusions: The first translation and adaptation to Spanish language of the quality of life questionnaire QSQ has been done. The translation has minimal difficulty and the conceptual equivalence is almost complete (AU)

Consistencia interna y validez de la versión española del cuestionario de calidad de vida específico para el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño Quebec Sleep Questionnaire / Internal Consistency and Validity of the Spanish Version of the "Quebec Sleep Questionnaire" Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Introducción: No existe ningún cuestionario específico de calidad de vida validado en castellano para su uso en pacientes con síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño (SAHS). El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la versión castellana del Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ). Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico en un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de SAHS (IAH≥5) enviados a las Unidades de Sueño. En todos los pacientes se administraron los cuestionarios: SF-36, FOSQ, QSQ y test de Epworth. Se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas (consistencia interna, validez de constructo, validez concurrente, validez predictora, fiabilidad test-retest y sensibilidad al cambio) del cuestionario QSQ (32 ítems en cinco dominios: somnolencia diurna, síntomas diurnos, síntomas nocturnos, emociones e interacciones sociales). Resultados: Se incluyeron 121 pacientes (edad media: 57±13 años; Epworth: 9±4; IMC 28±3kg·m−2 e IAH 36±20h−1). El análisis factorial mostró un constructo de cinco factores, distribuidos de manera similar a los dominios del cuestionario original. Tanto la consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach entre 0,78 y 0,93 para los distintos dominios), la validez concurrente con respecto al SF-36, Epworth y FOSQ, la validez predictora de gravedad del SAHS, como la fiabilidad test-retest fueron adecuadas. El QSQ mostró una buena sensibilidad al cambio en los dominios relativos a los síntomas diurnos (p=0,003) y nocturnos (p=0,02). Conclusiones: La versión española del QSQ presenta unas características psicométricas adecuadas para su utilización en pacientes con SAHS, así como una sensibilidad al cambio significativa en los dominios de síntomas(AU)

Introduction: There is no specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire that has been validated in Spanish for its use in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). The objective of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ). Patients and methods: A multi-center study including a group of patients with SAHS (AHI≥5) referred to the Sleep Unit. All patients completed the following questionnaires: SF-36, FOSQ, QSQ and Epworth scale. Internal consistency, construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, repeatability and responsiveness to change of the QSQ (32 items in five domains: daytime sleepiness, diurnal symptoms, nocturnal symptoms, emotions, and social interactions) were assessed. Results: A hundred twenty one patients were included in the study (mean age: 57±13; mean Epworth: 9±4; mean Body Mass Index (BMI): 28±3kg·m−2 and mean AHI: 36±20hour−1). The factorial analysis showed a construct of five factors with similar distribution to the original questionnaire domains. Internal consistency (Cranach's alpha between 0.78 and 0.93 for the different domains), concurrent validity (compared to SF-36, Epworth scale and FOSQ), predictive validity of SAHS severity and test-retest reliability were appropriate. The test showed good responsiveness to change in diurnal (P=.003) and nocturnal symptoms domains (P=.02). Conclusions: The Spanish version of the QSQ is a valid HRQL measure with appropriate psychometric properties for use in patients with SAHS and is responsive to change in symptoms domains(AU)

Internal consistency and validity of the Spanish version of the "Quebec Sleep Questionnaire" quality-of-life questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnea.

INTRODUCTION: There is no specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire that has been validated in Spanish for its use in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). The objective of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multi-center study including a group of patients with SAHS (AHI≥5) referred to the Sleep Unit. All patients completed the following questionnaires: SF-36, FOSQ, QSQ and Epworth scale. Internal consistency, construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, repeatability and responsiveness to change of the QSQ (32 items in five domains: daytime sleepiness, diurnal symptoms, nocturnal symptoms, emotions, and social interactions) were assessed. RESULTS: A hundred twenty one patients were included in the study (mean age: 57 ± 13; mean Epworth: 9 ± 4; mean Body Mass Index (BMI): 28 ± 3 kg·m(-2) and mean AHI: 36 ± 20 hour(-1)). The factorial analysis showed a construct of five factors with similar distribution to the original questionnaire domains. Internal consistency (Cranach's alpha between 0.78 and 0.93 for the different domains), concurrent validity (compared to SF-36, Epworth scale and FOSQ), predictive validity of SAHS severity and test-retest reliability were appropriate. The test showed good responsiveness to change in diurnal (P=.003) and nocturnal symptoms domains (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the QSQ is a valid HRQL measure with appropriate psychometric properties for use in patients with SAHS and is responsive to change in symptoms domains.

[Translation and adaptation to Spanish language of the quality of life questionnaire for sleep apnea-hipopnea syndrome Quebec Sleep Questionnaire]. / Traducción y adaptación al castellano del cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionado con el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño Quebec Sleep Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate and adapt to Spanish the Québec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ). METHODS: For QSQ tran-cultural adaptation, the back-translation technique was used. A psychologist and a pneumonologist made a first translation of the questionnaire. Naturalness-correctness of items and conceptual equivalence were evaluated by external researchers and a group of patients. A back-translation was finally remitted to author. RESULTS: Most of the items had minimal difficulty in translation. The difficulty was moderate in only 4 of them (items 2, 7, 8, 30). Naturalness-correctness was maximal in most items and excellent in 4 (8 to 9 points). The conceptual equivalence was complete in all the items, except item 2 that showed a partial equivalence. CONCLUSIONS: The first translation and adaptation to Spanish language of the quality of life questionnaire QSQ has been done. The translation has minimal difficulty and the conceptual equivalence is almost complete.

[Low doses of megestrol acetate increase weight and improve nutrition status in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and weight loss]. / Dosis bajas de acetato de megestrol aumentan el peso y mejoran la nutrición de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica grave y pérdida de peso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Weight loss in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prognostic bad factor. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectively of megestrol acetate (MA) to increase appetite of these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial to study the effect of 160 mg/bid of MA, for 8 weeks, on nutritional, functional, analytical and quality of life parameters, in 38 patients with severe COPD and body mass index (BMI) < 21 kg/m(2), or between 21-25 with involuntary weight loss of 5% in the last 3 months. RESULTS: At 8 weeks, in the MA group the body weight increased (2.3 kg) with respect to the control group (0.1 kg) (p<0.04). MA improved significantly the triceps skin-fold thickness (p < 0.04), prealbumin (p<0.004), lymphocytes (p<0.0006), C3 (p<0.04), PCO(2) (p<0.007) and bicarbonate levels (p<0.008). MA did not increase the MRC and SGRQ scales, the distance of 6 MWT nor BODE index. The IL-6 and TNF alpha levels were not modified in the MA group, but leptin did increase (p<0.043). MA improved the sense of wellbeing (p<0.02) and the appetite (p<0.008), compared to the control group. Adverse effects were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: MA safely increases the body weight and the appetite in severe COPD patients with weight loss. MA improves blood gases and nutritional parameters and the sense of wellbeing, but it does not improve the respiratory muscular function or exercise tolerance.

Social, clinical and microbiological differential characteristics of tuberculosis among immigrants in Spain.

BACKGROUND: To identify the differential tuberculosis (TB) characteristics within the immigrant population with respect to natives in Spain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A prospective cohort study design was implemented to examine the TB cases diagnosed and starting standard antituberculous treatment in Spain, between January 1st 2006 and March 31st 2007. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine differential characteristics. 1,490 patients were included in the study population, 1,048 natives and 442 (29.7%) immigrants. According to the multivariate analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with immigrant TB cases: younger age (OR = 3.79; CI:2.16-6.62), living in group situation (OR = 7.61; CI:3.38-12.12), lower frequency of disabled (OR:0.08; CI:0.02-0.26) and retired (OR:0.21; CI:0.09-0.48) employment status, lower frequency of pulmonary disease presentation (OR = 0.47; CI:0.24-0.92), primary or emergency care admission (OR = 1.80; CI:1.05-3.06 and OR = 2.16; CI:1.36-3.45), drug resistance (OR = 1.86; CI:1.01-3.46), treatment default (OR:2.12; CI:1.18-3.81), lower frequency of alcohol and cigarette consumption (OR = 2.10; CI:1.42-3.11 and OR = 2.85; CI:2.10-3.87 respectively), more directly observed treatment (OR = 1.68; CI:1.04-2.69), and poor understanding of TB disease and its treatment (OR = 3.11; CI:1.86-5.20). The low percentage of primary MDR-TB in the native population (0.1% vs. 2.2% of immigrants) should be noted. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The differences show the need to introduce specific strategies in the management of TB within the immigrant population, including the improvement of social and work conditions.

Dosis bajas de acetato de megestrol aumentan el peso y mejoran la nutrición de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica grave y pérdida de peso / Low doses of megestrol acetate increase weight and improve nutrition status in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and weight loss

Fundamento y objetivo:La pérdida de peso en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) grave indica mal pronóstico. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la efectividad del acetato de megestrol (AM) como estimulante del apetito en estos pacientes. Pacientes y método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo para estudiar el efecto de 320mg/d de AM durante 8 semanas sobre parámetros nutricionales, funcionales, analíticos y de calidad de vida en 38 pacientes con EPOC grave e índice de masa corporal (IMC) < 21kg/m2, o entre 21-25kg/m2 con pérdida involuntaria del 5% del peso en los últimos 3 meses. Resultados: A las 8 semanas, el peso aumentó en el grupo AM (2,3kg) respecto al control (0,1kg) (p < 0,04). Mejoraron con AM de forma significativa el grosor del pliegue tricipital (p < 0,04), los valores de prealbúmina (p<0,004), linfocitos (p<0,0006), fracción 3 del complemento (C3) (p<0,04), presión parcial de dióxido de carbono (PCO2) (p<0,007) y bicarbonato (p<0,008). No mejoraron las escalas MCR y SGRQ, la distancia recorrida en 6 minutos (6MWT) ni el índice BODE. La interleucina 6 (IL-6) y el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) tampoco se modificaron en el grupo AM, pero aumentó la leptina (p<0,043). El AM mejoró la sensación de bienestar (p<0,02) y el apetito (p<0,008) frente al control. El índice de acontecimientos adversos fue similar en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El AM incrementa de forma segura el peso y el apetito en pacientes con EPOC grave y pérdida de peso. Mejora los parámetros gasométricos, nutricionales y la sensación de bienestar, pero no la función muscular respiratoria o la tolerancia al ejercicio (AU)

Background and objective: Weight loss in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prognostic bad factor. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectively of megestrol acetate (MA) to increase appetite of these patients. Patients and methods: Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial to study the effect of 160mg/bid of MA, for 8weeks, on nutritional, functional, analytical and quality of life parameters, in 38 patients with severe COPD and body mass index (BMI) < 21kg/m2, or between 21-25 with involuntary weight loss of 5% in the last 3 months. Results: At 8weeks, in the MA group the body weight increased (2.3kg) with respect to the control group (0.1kg) (p<0.04). MA improved significantly the triceps skin-fold thickness (p < 0.04), prealbumin (p<0.004), lymphocytes (p<0.0006), C3 (p<0.04), PCO2 (p<0.007) and bicarbonate levels (p<0.008). MA did not increase the MRC and SGRQ scales, the distance of 6MWT nor BODE index. The IL-6 and TNF alpha levels were not modified in the MA group, but leptin did increase (p<0.043). MA improved the sense of wellbeing (p<0.02) and the appetite (p<0.008), compared to the control group. Adverse effects were similar in both groups. Conclusions: MA safely increases the body weight and the appetite in severe COPD patients with weight loss. MA improves blood gases and nutritional parameters and the sense of wellbeing, but it does not improve the respiratory muscular function or exercise tolerance (AU)

[Consensus document on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis]. / Documento de consenso sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la tuberculosis.

Pulmonary TB should be suspected in patients with respiratory symptoms longer than 2-3 weeks. Immunosuppression may modify clinical and radiological presentation. Chest X-ray shows very suggestive, albeit sometimes atypical, signs of TB. Complex radiological tests (CT scan, MR) are more useful in extrapulmonary TB. At least 3 serial representative samples of the clinical location are used for diagnosis whenever possible. Bacilloscopy and liquid medium cultures are indicated in all cases. Genetic amplification techniques are coadjuvant in moderate or high TB suspicion. Administration of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide (HREZ) for 2 months and HR for 4 additional months is recommended in new cases of TB, except in cases of meningitis in which treatment should continue for up to 12 months and up to 9 months in spinal TB with neurological involvement, and in silicosis. Appropriate adjustments with antiretroviral treatment should be made in HIV patients. Combined therapy is recommended to avoid development of resistance. An antibiogram to first line drugs should be performed in all the initial isolations of new patients. Treatment control is one of the most important activities in TB management. The Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) is positive in TB infection when >or=5mm, and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) are recommended in combination with TT. The standard treatment schedule for infection is 6 months with isoniazid. In pulmonary TB, respiratory isolation is applied for 3 weeks or until 3 negative bacilloscopy samples are obtained.

[Consensus document on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis]. / Documento de consenso sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la tuberculosis.

Pulmonary TB should be suspected in patients with respiratory symptoms longer than 2-3 weeks. Immunosuppression may modify clinical and radiological presentation. Chest x-ray shows very suggestive, albeit sometimes atypical, signs of TB. Complex radiological tests (CT scan, MR) are more useful in extrapulmonary TB. At least 3 serial representative samples of the clinical location are used for diagnosis whenever possible. Bacilloscopy and liquid medium cultures are indicated in all cases. Genetic amplification techniques are coadjuvant in moderate or high TB suspicion. Administration of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide (HREZ) for 2 months and HR for 4 additional months is recommended in new cases of TB, except in cases of meningitis in which treatment should continue for up to 12 months and up to 9 months in spinal TB with neurological involvement, and in silicosis. Appropriate adjustments with antiretroviral treatment should be made in HIV patients. Combined therapy is recommended to avoid development of resistance. An antibiogram to first line drugs should be performed in all the initial isolations of new patients. Treatment control is one of the most important activities in TB management. The Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) is positive in TB infection when >or=5mm, and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) are recommended in combination with TT. The standard treatment schedule for infection is 6 months with isoniazid. In pulmonary TB, respiratory isolation is applied for 3 weeks or until 3 negative bacilloscopy samples are obtained.

Documento de consenso sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la tuberculosis / Consensus Document on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis

Debe sospecharse tuberculosis pulmonar en pacientes con síntomas respiratorios durante más de 2-3 semanas. La inmunodepresión puede modificar la presentación clínica y radiológica. La radiografía de tórax presenta manifestaciones muy sugerentes de tuberculosis, aunque en ocasiones atípicas. Las pruebas radiológicas complejas (tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética) son más útiles en la tuberculosis extrapulmonar. En el diagnóstico, siempre que sea posible, se utilizarán al menos 3 muestras seriadas representativas de la localización clínica. La baciloscopia y el cultivo con medios líquidos deben realizarse en todos los casos. Las técnicas de amplificación genética son coadyuvantes en la sospecha moderada o alta de tuberculosis. En los casos nuevos de tuberculosis, se recomienda administrar isoniacida, rifampicina, etambutol y piracinamida (HREZ) durante 2 meses e isoniacida más rifampicina durante 4 meses más, con las excepciones de los casos de meningitis, en que se alargará hasta 12 meses, y de la tuberculosis espinal con afección neurológica y la silicosis, hasta 9 meses. Se recomiendan las formulaciones combinadas. En pacientes con infección por el VIH deben realizarse los ajustes necesarios con el tratamiento antirretroviral. Debe realizarse antibiograma para fármacos de primera línea a todos los aislamientos iniciales de pacientes nuevos. El control del tratamiento es una de las actividades más importantes en el abordaje de la tuberculosis. En la infección tuberculosa la prueba de tuberculina (PT) es positiva cuando es ≥ 5 mm y los métodos de detección de producción de interferón gamma (IGRA) se recomiendan en combinación con la prueba de la tuberculina. La pauta estándar de tratamiento de la infección es de 6 meses con isoniacida. En la tuberculosis pulmonar se aplicará aislamiento respiratorio durante 3 semanas o hasta obtener 3 muestras con baciloscopia negativa (AU)

Pulmonary TB should be suspected in patients with respiratory symptoms longer than 2–3 weeks. Immunosuppression may modify clinical and radiological presentation. Chest X-ray shows very suggestive, albeit sometimes atypical, signs of TB. Complex radiological tests (CT scan, MR) are more useful in extrapulmonary TB. At least 3 serial representative samples of the clinical location are used for diagnosis whenever possible. Bacilloscopy and liquid medium cultures are indicated in all cases. Genetic amplification techniques are coadjuvant in moderate or high TB suspicion. Administration of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide (HREZ) for 2 months and HR for 4 additional months is recommended in new cases of TB, except in cases of meningitis in which treatment should continue for up to 12 months and up to 9 months in spinal TB with neurological involvement, and in silicosis. Appropriate adjustments with antiretroviral treatment should be made in HIV patients. Combined therapy is recommended to avoid development of resistance. An antibiogram to first line drugs should be performed in all the initial isolations of new patients. Treatment control is one of the most important activities in TB management. The Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) is positive in TB infection when ≥5 mm, and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) are recommended in combination with TT. The standard treatment schedule for infection is 6 months with isoniazid. In pulmonary TB, respiratory isolation is applied for 3 weeks or until 3 negative bacilloscopy samples are obtained (AU)

Varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in an adult population: has mortality decreased?

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) pneumonia is one of the most serious complications of this infection in adults. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics in a large sample of patients with VZV pneumonia. This was a 10-y retrospective, descriptive, observational study. We studied 46 patients with VZV pneumonia, 21 men and 25 women, with a mean age 36 +/-11 y. A contact with an index case was observed in 57%, 76 were active smokers, 6.5% consumed drugs and 2 women were pregnant. The symptoms were: fever (83%), cough (83%), dyspnoea (63%), pleuritic pain (70%), and haemoptysis (6%) and started 3-5 days after the onset of blisters, except in 11% in whom respiratory symptoms appeared first. Arterial blood gases showed a mean PO(2)/FiO(2) of 308 +/-101 and 30 patients had a PO(2) of <55 mmHg--11 of these (4%) were admitted to the ICU, 8 required mechanical ventilation. Comparison of patients in the ICU with those on the general ward showed differences in the duration of fever (6.1 +/- 4.2 vs 3.2 +/- 1.1 days, p <0.001), mean stay (16.8+/-9.3 vs 7.2+/-2.4 days, p <0.001) and complications such as acute renal failure (p = 0.01) and acute respiratory failure (p < 0.001). Despite the severity of disease, no patient died. Once diagnosed, 98% were treated with acyclovir, combined with steroids in 6 and with antibiotics in 3 complicated with bacterial pneumonia. The prevalence for the period was 0.33 cases/100,000 inhabitants/y. In conclusion, VZV pneumonia has a severe course and accounts for a high percentage of admissions to the intensive care unit. The absence of mortality may be related to early treatment with acyclovir. Smoking was a risk factor for VZV pneumonia.

Tuberculosis treatment adherence and fatality in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The adherence to long tuberculosis (TB) treatment is a key factor in TB control programs. Always some patients abandon the treatment or die. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with defaulting from or dying during antituberculosis treatment. METHODS: Prospective study of a large cohort of TB cases diagnosed during 2006-2007 by 61 members of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). Predictive factors of completion outcome (cured plus completed treatment vs. defaulters plus lost to follow-up) and fatality (died vs. the rest of patients) were based on logistic regression, calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of the 1490 patients included, 29.7% were foreign-born. The treatment outcomes were: cured 792 (53.2%), completed treatment 540 (36.2%), failure 2 (0.1%), transfer-out 33 (2.2%), default 27 (1.8%), death 27 (1.8%), lost to follow-up 65 (4.4%), other 4 (0.3%). Completion outcome reached 93.5% and poor adherence was associated with: being an immigrant (OR = 2.03; CI:1.06-3.88), living alone (OR = 2.35; CI:1.05-5.26), residents of confined institutions (OR = 4.79; CI:1.74-13.14), previous treatment (OR = 2.93; CI:1.44-5.98), being an injecting drug user (IDU) (OR = 9.51; CI:2.70-33.47) and treatment comprehension difficulties (OR = 2.93; CI:1.44-5.98). Case fatality was 1.8% and it was associated with the following variables: age 50 or over (OR = 10.88; CI:1.12-105.01), retired (OR = 12.26;CI:1.74-86.04), HIV-infected (OR = 9.93; CI:1.48-66.34), comprehension difficulties (OR = 4.07; CI:1.24-13.29), IDU (OR = 23.59; CI:2.46-225.99) and Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) (OR = 3.54; CI:1.07-11.77). CONCLUSION: Immigrants, those living alone, residents of confined institutions, patients treated previously, those with treatment comprehension difficulties, and IDU patients have poor adherence and should be targeted for DOT. To reduce fatality rates, stricter monitoring is required for patients who are retired, HIV-infected, IDU, and those with treatment comprehension difficulties.

Is it possible to predict which patients with mild pneumonias will develop hypoxemia?

Usually, mortality due to mild community-acquired pneumonias (CAP) (Pneumonia severity index (PSI) classes I-III) is low (<3%), but the appearance of hypoxemia significantly increases mortality. Our aim was to determine the clinical parameters associated with risk factors of developing hypoxemia in subjects with mild CAP (PSI I-III) and the clinical outcomes of the hypoxemic group. We analyzed clinical characteristics and the outcomes of patients with mild CAP and hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2<300), in a prospective, multicenter cohort study of 1195 patients. Mild pneumonias (PSI I-III) were found in 645 cases (53.9%), of which 217 (33.6%) presented hypoxemia according to a PaO2/FiO2<300. Patients with PaO2/FiO2<300 required more ICU admissions, mechanical ventilation, and developed septic shock than other PSI I-III patients. The clinical parameters associated with hypoxemia were: COPD, bilateral chest X-ray involvement, and hypoalbuminemia. We conclude that patients with COPD, those with bilateral chest X-ray involvement, or hypoalbuminemia were significantly more likely to have hypoxemia in mild CAP. Hypoxemic patients with low-risk pneumonia have worse clinical outcomes, including more ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation and presence of septic shock than non-hypoxemic low-risk patients.

Hypertension and sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: changes in echocardiographic abnormalities depending on the presence of hypertension and treatment with CPAP.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is an emerging disease with high prevalence. There is controversy as to whether cardiac abnormalities are due to the disease itself or to the arterial hypertension frequently associated with this disease. OBJECTIVES: To analyze echocardiographic abnormalities in a population of SAHS patients depending on the presence or absence of hypertension at the time of diagnosis and after six months of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). METHODS: We studied 85 consecutive patients diagnosed with SAHS who required treatment with CPAP (Hypertensive: 43, nonhypertensive: 42). We performed a baseline echocardiogram after six months of treatment. We analyzed morphological (wall thickness, diameters, ejection fraction) and functional (peak E- and A-wave velocities, deceleration time, Tei index) parameters of the left and right ventricles. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients were older and had higher blood pressure values, but there were no differences between groups in other clinical parameters. The hypertensive group had greater septal thickness (hypertensive: 12.1+/-2.3; nonhypertensive: 10.8+/-2.1mm; p=0.01). There were also differences in impairment of left (hypertensiveHT: 92.9%, nonhypertensive: 65%, p=0.002) and right (hypertensive: 74.4%, nonhypertensive: 42.1%, p=0.006) ventricular filling. After six months of treatment, an improvement of the myocardial performance index was noted in nonhypertensive patients (baseline Tei: 0.55+/-0.1 vs. 6-month Tei: 0.49+/-0.1; p=0.01), whereas no significant change was observed in hypertensive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac abnormalities in SAHS patients are increased in the presence of associated hypertension. Treatment with CPAP for six months improves cardiac abnormalities in nonhypertensive patients but not in hypertensive patients.