Nutritional Status Predicts the Length of Stay and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Electrotherapy Procedures.

(1) Background: Nutritional status is a factor that impacts the patients' outcomes in various medical conditions including cardiovascular patients or surgical procedures. However, there is limited available information about its impact on the short-term outcomes of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantations. This study aimed to assess the relationship between nutritional status, complications, mortality risk, and length of stay at the hospital in patients undergoing CIED implantations. (2) Material and Methods: 588 patients who underwent CIED implantation in 2022 and 2023 were included in the retrospective analysis. The nutritional status assessment was performed using NRS 2002 and BMI. The implanted devices were single-chamber pacemakers (n = 82), dual-chamber pacemakers (n = 329), one-chamber ICDs (n = 83), dual-chamber ICDs (n = 19), CRT-P (n = 19), and CRT-D (n = 56). (3) Results: The regression analysis showed that the NRS 2002 score predicted the length of stay (age-adjusted: ß = 1.02, p = 0.001) among the CIED-implanted patients. The CRT-D subgroup was particularly responsible for this relationship (ß = 4.05, p = 0.003 after age adjustment). The analysis also revealed significant differences between the NRS 2002 score in the in-hospital death subgroups (1.75 ± 1.00 points for deaths vs. 1.00 ± 1.00 points for survivors; p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in nutritional status parameters regarding early complications subgroups. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that nutritional risk assessed with NRS 2002 is a predictor of length of stay (particularly for CRT-D) and mortality among patients undergoing CIED implantations. The results of the analysis point out the impact of patients' nutritional status on short-term outcomes of CIED implantations, particularly in CRT-D implants where 1 NRS 2002 point was a predictor of a mean 4.05 days (77.2%) longer hospitalization.

Left ventricular CRT-D lead implantation using the retrograde approach following lateral vein balloon angioplasty.

A 60-year-old female with heart failure with reduced left ventricle ejection fraction, implantable cardiac defibrillator and left bundle branch block was admitted to Department of Cardiology for cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator upgrade. Due to difficulties with advancement of left ventricular lead to lateral coronary vein, balloon angioplasty with use of retrograde approach via collateral branches and two CS sheaths positioning was performed. Final position of lead in lateral vein was achieved resulting with pacing threshold of 0.7 V/0.5 ms, impedance of 720 Ω and QRS of 130 ms.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on disease severity and patient survival in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: data from the Polish multicentre registry (BNP-PL).

BACKGROUND: Recent studies revealed that alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) are associated with disease severity and poor survival. However, data regarding the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the prognosis of patients with IPAH remain scarce. The aim of our study was to determine that impact using data from a national multicentre prospective pulmonary hypertension registry. METHODS: We analysed data of adult patients with IPAH from the Database of Pulmonary Hypertension in the Polish population (BNP­PL) between March 1, 2018 and August 31, 2020. Upon admission, clinical, echocardiographic, and haemodynamic data were collected at 21 Polish IPAH reference centres. The all-cause mortality was assessed during a 30-month follow-up period. To adjust for differences in age, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities between patients with and without DM, a 2-group propensity score matching was performed using a 1:1 pairing algorithm. RESULTS: A total of 532 patients with IPAH were included in the study and 25.6% were diagnosed with DM. Further matched analysis was performed in 136 patients with DM and 136 without DM. DM was associated with older age, higher BMI, more advanced exertional dyspnea, increased levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, larger right atrial area, increased mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and all-cause mortality compared with no DM. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IPAH and DM present with more advanced pulmonary vascular disease and worse survival than counterparts without DM independently of age, BMI, and cardiovascular comorbidities.

The impact of specific pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy on cardiac fluorodeoxyglucose distribution in PET/MRI hybrid imaging-follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: PET/MRI hybrid imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) provides important prognostic information identifying patients who might benefit from early therapy escalation, as right ventricle (RV) metabolic alterations are linked with hemodynamics and might precede clinical deterioration. Now, we hypothesize that adequate PAH therapy escalation may result in reversal of unfavourable increased glucose uptake of RV, which is associated with improved prognosis. METHODS: Out of twenty-six initially clinically stable PAH patients who had baseline PET/MRI scans, twenty (49.9 ± 14.9 years) had second PET/MRI after 24 months. SUVRV/SUVLV ratio was used to estimate and compare cardiac glucose uptake. Occurrences of clinical endpoints (CEP), defined as death or clinical deterioration, were assessed during 48-month follow-up from baseline. RESULTS: In first 24 months of observation, sixteen patients had CEP and needed PAH therapy escalation. At follow-up visits, we observed significant improvement of RV ejection fraction (45.1 ± 9.6% to 52.4 ± 12.9%, p = 0.01), mean pulmonary artery pressure (50.5 ± 18.3 to 42.8 ± 18.6 mmHg, p = 0.03), and SUVRV/SUVLV, which tended to decrease (mean change -0.20 ± 0.74). Patients with baseline SUVRV/SUVLV value higher than 0.54 had worse prognosis in 48 months observation (log-rank test, p = 0.0007); follow up SUVRV/SUVLV > 1 predicted CEP in the following 24 months, regardless of previously escalated treatment. CONCLUSIONS: PAH therapy escalation may influence RV glucose metabolism, what seems to be related with patients' prognosis. PET/MRI assessment may predict clinical deterioration regardless of previous clinical course, however its clinical significance in PAH requires further studies. Importantly, even mild alterations of RV glucose metabolism predict clinical deterioration in long follow-up. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03688698, 05/01/2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03688698?term=NCT03688698&draw=2&rank=1.

Nutritional Status of Coronary Artery Disease Patients-Preliminary Results.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a condition that negatively impacts the clinical outcomes of numerous diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and to investigate its relationship with the main clinical aspects of CAD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 CAD patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. The nutritional status assessment was based on Nutritional Risk Score 2002 (NRS 2002), body mass index (BMI), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements. RESULTS: The analysis showed a moderate inverse correlation between NRS 2002 and BIA phase angle measured at 50 kHz (R: -0.31; p = 0.03) and Z200/5 parameter (R: 0.34; p = 0.02). The analysis of CAD clinical parameters showed a significant correlation between NRS 2002 and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class (R: 0.37; p = 0.01). Left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was correlated with BMI (R: 0.38; p = 0.02), however further BIA revealed hydration changes as LVEF was correlated to intracellular (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) proportion: positively with ICF (R: 0.38; p = 0.02) and negatively with ECF (R: -0.39; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: NRS 2002 and BIA are valuable tools for nutritional status assessment in CAD patients. Malnutrition is related to the severity of CAD symptoms, particularly in women. Maintaining proper nutritional status can have a potentially important role in this group of patients.

CTLA-4 Expression Is a Promising Biomarker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Allows Differentiation of the Type of Pulmonary Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increasingly frequently diagnosed disease, the molecular mechanisms of which have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate subpopulations of lymphocytes to better understand their role in the molecular pathomechanisms of various types of PAH and to find a suitable biomarker that could be useful in the differential diagnosis of PAH. Using flow cytometry, we measured the frequencies of lymphocyte subpopulations CD4+CTLA-4+, CD8+ CTLA-4+ and CD19+ CTLA-4+ in patients with different types of PAH, namely pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disorders (CTD-PAH), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH), and in an age- and sex-matched control group in relation to selected clinical parameters. Patients in the iPAH group had the significantly highest percentage of CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes among all PAH groups, as compared to those in the control group (p < 0.001), patients with CTEPH (p < 0.001), CTD-PAH (p < 0.001) and CHD-PAH (p < 0.01). In iPAH patients, the percentages of CD4+CTLA-4+ T cells correlated strongly positively with the severity of heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification (r = 0.7077, p < 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of B CD19+CTLA-4+ cells strongly positively correlated with the concentration of NT-proBNP (r = 0.8498, p < 0.001). We have shown that statistically significantly higher percentages of CD4+CTLA-4+ (p ≤ 0.01) and CD8+ CTLA-4+ (p ≤ 0.001) T cells, measured at the time of iPAH diagnosis, were found in patients who died within 5 years of the diagnosis, which allows us to consider both of the above lymphocyte subpopulations as a negative prognostic/predictive factor in iPAH. CTLA-4 may be a promising biomarker of noninvasive detection of iPAH, but its role in planning the treatment strategy of PAH remains unclear. Further studies on T and B lymphocyte subsets are needed in different types of PAH to ascertain the relationships that exist between them and the disease.

Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Associated with Lower Blood Pressure in Coronary Artery Disease Patients.

Background: Recent studies suggest the positive role of flavonols on blood pressure (BP) values, although there are not many conducted on humans. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between flavonol intake and their main sources of consumption, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP values in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods and results: forty CAD patients completed a food-frequency questionnaire dedicated to flavonol-intake assessment. The analysis revealed significant correlation between isorhamnetin intake and SBP values­absolute (R: −0.36; 95% CI: −0.602 to −0.052; p = 0.02), and related to body mass (R: −0.38; 95% CI: −0.617 to −0.076; p = 0.02. This effect was observed in male participants (R: −0.65; 95% CI: −0.844 to −0.302; p = 0.001 and R: −0.63; 95% CI: −0.837 to −0.280; p = 0.002 respectively), but not in female patients. The main contributors were onions, tomatoes, blueberries, apples, tea, coffee and wine. White onion (R: −0.39; 95% CI: −0.624 to −0.088; p = 0.01) consumption was inversely correlated with SBP, and tomato consumption (R: −0.33; 95% CI: −0.581 to −0.020; p = 0.04) with DBP. The comparison between patients with BP < 140 mmHg and ≥140 mmHg revealed significant differences in white onion (p = 0.01) and blueberry (p = 0.04) intake. Conclusions: This study revealed the relationship between long-term dietary isorhamnetin intake and SBP values. The analysis of specific food intake showed that onion, tomato and blueberry consumption could impact BP values. This may suggest that a dietary approach which includes a higher intake of isorhamnetin-rich products could possibly result in BP lowering in CAD patients.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pulmonary Hypertension Patients: Insights from the BNP-PL National Database.

We aimed to evaluate the clinical course and impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the rate of diagnosis and therapy in the complete Polish population of patients (pts) with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH-1134) and CTEPH (570 pts) treated within the National Health Fund program and reported in the national BNP-PL database. Updated records of 1704 BNP-PL pts collected between March and December 2020 were analyzed with regard to incidence, clinical course and mortality associated with COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of the infected pts and COVID-19 decedents were analyzed. The rates of new diagnoses and treatment intensification in this period were studied and collated to the proper intervals of the previous year. The incidence of COVID-19 was 3.8% (n = 65) (PAH, 4.1%; CTEPH, 3.2%). COVID-19-related mortality was 28% (18/65 pts). Those who died were substantially older and had a more advanced functional WHO class and more cardiovascular comorbidities (comorbidity score, 4.0 ± 2.1 vs. 2.7 ± 1.8; p = 0.01). During the pandemic, annualized new diagnoses of PH diminished by 25-30% as compared to 2019. A relevant increase in total mortality was also observed among the PH pts (9.7% vs. 5.9% pre-pandemic, p = 0.006), whereas escalation of specific PAH/CTEPH therapies occurred less frequently (14.7% vs. 21.6% pre-pandemic). The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the diagnosis and treatment of PH by decreasing the number of new diagnoses, escalating therapy and enhancing overall mortality. Pulmonary hypertension is a risk factor for worsened course of COVID-19 and elevated mortality.

An expert opinion of the Polish Cardiac Society Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation on screening for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients after acute pulmonary embolism: Update.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare complication of acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Both pharmacological and invasive treatments for CTEPH are available in Poland, and awareness of the disease among physicians is growing. It has been suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the incidence of CTEPH and facilitate disease detection during more advanced stages of the illness. Thus, the Polish Cardiac Society's Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation, in cooperation with independent experts in this field, launched the updated statement on the algorithm to guide a CTEPH diagnosis in patients with previous APE. CTEPH should be suspected in individuals after APE with dyspnea, despite at least 3 months of effective anticoagulation, particularly when specific risk factors are present. Echocardiography is the main screening tool for CTEPH. A diagnostic workup of patients with significant clinical suspicion of CTEPH and right ventricular overload evident on echocardiography should be performed in reference centers. Pulmonary scintigraphy is a safe and highly sensitive screening test for CTEPH. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography with precise detection of thromboembolic residues in the pulmonary circulation is important for the planning of a pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Right heart catheterization definitively confirms the presence of pulmonary hypertension and direct pulmonary angiography allows for the identification of lesions suitable for thromboendarterectomy or balloon pulmonary angioplasty. In this document, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected CTEPH. With an individualized and sequential diagnostic strategy, each patient can be provided with suitable and tailored therapy provided by a dedicated CTEPH Heart Team.

Platelet sTWEAK and plasma IL-6 are associated with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in right ventricles of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Cytokines soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are involved in immune response, proliferation, apoptosis, and cardiovascular pathologies. We have previously confirmed that changes of their platelet or plasma contents are associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) hybrid imaging provides detailed insight into right ventricle (RV) hemodynamic and metabolic function. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between RV parameters obtained using PET/MRI and concentrations of plasma and platelet sTWEAK and IL-6 in stable PAH patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen stable PAH patients (48.44 ±16.7 years) had simultaneous PET/MRI scans with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) performed. Its uptake was presented as a standardized uptake value (SUV) for RV and left ventricle (LV). Cytokines concentrations were measured in platelet-poor plasma and platelet lysate. Follow-up time of this study was 58 months; the combined endpoint (CEP) was defined as death or clinical deterioration. RESULTS: We observed significant correlations between platelet sTWEAK levels, plasma IL-6 and PET parameter SUVRV/LV (r = -0.57, p = 0.011; r = 0.50, p = 0.032, respectively). In logistic regression, platelet sTWEAK and IL-6 were both prognostic factors for unfavorable ratio of SUVRV/LV higher than 1 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): [0.23; 0.84], p = 0.017; and HR = 3.62, 95% CI: [1.21; 10.17], p = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, their concentrations were related with prognostically important higher late gadolinium enhancement mass index (LGEMI) and RV global longitudinal strain/systolic pulmonary artery pressure (RV GLS/sPAP) values. Patients who had CEP in follow-up (n = 13) had significantly lower platelet sTWEAK content and higher plasma IL-6 at baseline than stable patients. Lower platelet sTWEAK was related to a worse prognosis in log-rank test (p = 0.006). Platelet sTWEAK and plasma IL-6 together with RV GLS/sPAP, RV ejection fraction (RVEF), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and SUVRV/LV were significantly associated with time to CEP in univariate Cox analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The sTWEAK and IL-6 concentrations in PAH patients are linked with metabolic and functional changes of RV visualized in PET/MRI, and both sTWEAK and IL-6 predict clinical deterioration.

Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular-Arterial Coupling in Predicting Prognosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients.

In response to an increased afterload in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the right ventricle (RV) adapts by remodeling and increasing contractility. The idea of coupling refers to maintaining a relatively constant relationship between ventricular contractility and afterload. Twenty-eight stable PAH patients (mean age 49.5 ± 15.5 years) were enrolled into the study. The follow-up time of this study was 58 months, and the combined endpoint (CEP) was defined as death or clinical deterioration. We used echo TAPSE as a surrogate of RV contractility and estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) reflecting RV afterload. Ventricular-arterial coupling was evaluated by the ratio between these two parameters (TAPSE/sPAP). In the PAH group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was 47.29 ± 15.3 mmHg. The mean echo-estimated TAPSE/sPAP was 0.34 ± 0.19 mm/mmHg and was comparable in value and prognostic usefulness to the parameter derived from magnetic resonance and catheterization (ROC analysis). Patients who had CEP (n = 21) had a significantly higher mPAP (53.11 ± 17.11 mmHg vs. 34.86 ± 8.49 mmHg, p = 0.03) and lower TAPSE/sPAP (0.30 ± 0.21 vs. 0.43 ± 0.23, p = 0.04). Patients with a TAPSE/sPAP lower than 0.25 mm/mmHg had worse prognosis, with log-rank test p = 0.001. the echocardiographic estimation of TAPSE/sPAP offers an easy, reliable, non-invasive prognostic parameter for the comprehensive assessment of hemodynamic adaptation in PAH patients.

Multimodal assessment of right ventricle overload-metabolic and clinical consequences in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) increased afterload leads to adaptive processes of the right ventricle (RV) that help to maintain arterio-ventricular coupling of RV and preserve cardiac output, but with time the adaptive mechanisms fail. In this study, we propose a multimodal approach which allows to estimate prognostic value of RV coupling parameters in PAH patients. METHODS: Twenty-seven stable PAH patients (49.5 ± 15.5 years) and 12 controls underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). CMR feature tracking analysis was performed for RV global longitudinal strain assessment (RV GLS). RV-arterial coupling was evaluated by combination of RV GLS and three proposed surrogates of RV afterload-pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery compliance (PAC). 18-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) analysis was used to assess RV glucose uptake presented as SUVRV/LV. Follow-up time of this study was 25 months and the clinical end-point was defined as death or clinical deterioration. RESULTS: Coupling parameters (RV GLS/PASP, RV GLS/PVR and RV GLS*PAC) significantly correlated with RV function and standardized uptake value (SUVRV/LV). Patients who experienced a clinical end-point (n = 18) had a significantly worse coupling parameters at the baseline visit. RV GLS/PASP had the highest area under curve in predicting a clinical end-point and patients with a value higher than (-)0.29%/mmHg had significantly worse prognosis. It was also a statistically significant predictor of clinical end-point in multivariate analysis (adjusted R2 = 0.68; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Coupling parameters are linked with RV hemodynamics and glucose metabolism in PAH. Combining CMR and hemodynamic measurements offers more comprehensive assessment of RV function required for prognostication of PAH patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03688698, 09/26/2018, retrospectively registered; Protocol ID: 2017/25/N/NZ5/02689.

High CD200 Expression on T CD4+ and T CD8+ Lymphocytes as a Non-Invasive Marker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension-Preliminary Study.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can develop subsequently to disorganized endothelial cell proliferation within the pulmonary arteriolar layers that provide mechanical limits to the pulmonary vascular bed. Although the actual factor triggering vascular endothelial proliferation remains unknown to date, genetic susceptibility, hypoxia, inflammation, as well as response to drugs and toxins have been proposed as possible contributors. Since inflammation contributes to vascular remodeling, the changed immune response is increasingly considered a plausible cause of this cardiovascular disease. The interaction of a membrane glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 200 (CD200) and its structurally similar receptor (CD200R) plays a crucial role in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Our previous studies have shown that the overexpression of the other negative co-stimulatory molecule (programmed death cell-PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1) is closely related to iPAH and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation markers. Therefore, we considered it necessary to analyze the different types of PAH in terms of CD200 and CD200R expression and to correlate CD200/CD200R pathway expression with important clinical and laboratory parameters. The CD200/C200R-signaling pathway has not been subject to much research. We included 70 treatment-naïve, newly diagnosed patients with PAH in our study. They were further divided into subsets according to the pulmonary hypertension classification: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) subset, pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers matched for sex and age. The highest percentages of T CD200+CD4+ and T CD200+CD8+ lymphocytes were observed in the group of patients with iPAH and this finding was associated with the presence of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood. Our assessment of the peripheral blood lymphocytes expression of CD200 and CD200R indicates that these molecules act as negative co-stimulators in the induction and persistence of PAH-associated inflammation, especially that of iPAH. Similar results imply that the dysregulation of the CD200/CD200R axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. Our work suggests that CD200 and CD200R expression may serve to distinguish between PAH cases. Thus, CD200 and CD200R might be useful as markers in managing PAH and should be further investigated.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in the era of modern therapeutic approaches: data from the Polish multicenter registry (BNP-PL).

BACKGROUND: Significant achievements in the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) have provided effective therapeutic options for most patients. However, the true impact of the changed landscape of CTEPH therapies on patients' management and outcomes is poorly known. We aimed to characterize the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of CTEPH patients in the modern era of CTEPH therapies. METHODS: We analyzed the data of CTEPH adults enrolled in the prospective multicenter registry. RESULTS: We enrolled 516 patients aged 63.8 ± 15.4 years. The incidence rate of CTEPH was 3.96 per million adults per year. The group was burdened with several comorbidities. New oral anticoagulants (n = 301; 58.3%) were preferred over vitamin K antagonists (n = 159; 30.8%). Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was performed in 120 (23.3%) patients and balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in 258 (50%) patients. PEA was pretreated with targeted pharmacotherapy in 19 (15.8%) patients, and BPA in 124 (48.1%) patients. Persistent CTEPH was present in 46% of PEA patients and in 65% of patients after completion of BPA. Persistent CTEPH after PEA was treated with targeted pharmacotherapy in 72% and with BPA in 27.7% of patients. At a mean time period of 14.3 ± 5.8 months, 26 patients had died. The use of PEA or BPA was associated with better survival than the use of solely medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The modern population of CTEPH patients comprises mostly elderly people significantly burdened with comorbid conditions. This calls for treatment decisions that are tailored individually for every patient. The combination of two or three methods is currently a frequent approach in the treatment of CTEPH. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03959748.

Hiatal hernia as a rare cause of cardiac complications - case based review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Hiatal hernia (HH) is a condition which refers to the protrusion of an intraabdominal organ in the thorax cavity throughan oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Sliding HH is usually associated with non-specific symptoms, including heartburn, regurgitation or epigastric pain. Importantly, true paraesophageal hernia may lead to cardiac compression. Knowledge of cardiac manifestations of HH is limited. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study is to present the rare case of a patient with gastrothorax due to hiatal hernia which caused cardiac arrest, and to provide a literature-based review of the cardiac aspects of hiatal hernia. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Patients with paraesophageal hernia may experience arrhythmia, including sinus tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular extrasystole and ventricular tachycardia, as well as left bundle branch block, atrioventricular conduction block and electrocardiographic changes in the ST-segment and T-wave. In echocardiograph, HH may appear as an extracardiac posterior mass encroaching on the left atrial cavity, mimicking the left atrial mass. Rarel, HH may be manifested as tension gastrothorax leading cardiac arrest. In such a case, timely diagnosis and instant adequate treatment of the underlying condition are crucial. CONCLUSIONS: Hiatal hernia should be considered as a possible cause of arrhythmia and changes in ST-T pattern, particularly if symptoms occurred after a meal. Differential diagnosis of the posterior mediastinal mass or intracardiac mass should include hiatal hernia. Gastrothorax is a rare condition associated with hiatal hernia which may lead to cardiac arrest. However, even timely recognition and therapy of gastrothorax does not ensure a positive clinical outcome.

Prognostic role of PET/MRI hybrid imaging in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Right ventricular (RV) function is a major determinant of survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Metabolic alterations may precede haemodynamic and clinical deterioration. Increased RV fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in positron emission tomography (PET) was recently associated with progressive RV dysfunction in MRI, but the prognostic value of their combination has not been established. METHODS: Twenty-six clinically stable patients with PAH (49.9±15.2 years) and 12 healthy subjects (control group, 44.7±13.5 years) had simultaneous PET/MRI scans. FDG uptake was quantified as mean standardised uptake value (SUV) for both left ventricle (LV) and RV. Mean follow-up time of this study was 14.2±7.3 months and the clinical end point was defined as death or clinical deterioration. RESULTS: Median SUVRV/SUVLV ratio was 1.02 (IQR 0.42-1.21) in PAH group and 0.16 (0.13-0.25) in controls, p<0.001. In PAH group, SUVRV/SUVLV significantly correlated with RV haemodynamic deterioration. In comparison to the stable ones, 12 patients who experienced clinical end point had significantly higher baseline SUVRV/SUVLV ratio (1.21 (IQR 0.87-1.95) vs 0.53 (0.24-1.08), p=0.01) and lower RV ejection fraction (RVEF) (37.9±5.2 vs 46.8±5.7, p=0.03). Cox regression revealed that SUVRV/SUVLV ratio was significantly associated with the time to clinical end point. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that combination of RVEF from MRI and SUVRV/SUVLV assessment may help to predict prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased RV glucose uptake in PET and decreased RVEF identify patients with PAH with worse prognosis. Combining parameters from PET and MRI may help to identify patients at higher risk who potentially benefit from therapy escalation, but this hypothesis requires prospective validation.

Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement mass index in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

PURPOSE: Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) is an important determinant of survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) at RV insertion points (RVIPs) has been found in majority of PAH patients and was associated with parameters of RV dysfunction. We hypothesize, that more detailed quantification of LGE may provide additional prognostic information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight stable PAH patients (mean age 49.9 â€‹± â€‹15.9 years) and 12 healthy subjects (control group, 44.8 â€‹± â€‹13.5 years) were enrolled into the study. Septal LGE mass was quantified at the RVIPs and subsequently indexed by subject's body surface area. Mean follow-up time of this study was 16.6 â€‹± â€‹7.5 months and the clinical end-point (CEP) was defined as death or clinical deterioration. RESULTS: Median LGE mass index (LGEMI) at the RVIPs was 2.75 â€‹g/m2 [1.41-4.85]. We observed statistically significant correlations between LGEMI and hemodynamic parameters obtained from right heart catheterization - mPAP (r â€‹= â€‹0.61, p â€‹= â€‹0.001); PVR (r â€‹= â€‹0.52, p â€‹= â€‹0.007) and from CMR - RVEF (r â€‹= â€‹-0.54, p â€‹= â€‹0.005); RV global longitudinal strain (r â€‹= â€‹0.42, p â€‹= â€‹0.03). Patients who had CEP (n â€‹= â€‹16) had a significantly higher LGEMI (4.49 [2.75-6.17] vs 1.67 [0.74-2.7], p â€‹= â€‹0.01); univariate Cox analysis confirmed prognostic value of LGEMI. Furthermore, PAH patients with LGEMI higher than median had worse prognosis in Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank test, p â€‹= â€‹0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: The body surface indexed mass of LGE at RV septal insertion points are suggestive of RV hemodynamic dysfunction and could be a useful non-invasive marker of PAH prognosis.

Impact of pulmonary vein ovality index on cooling kinetics and acute success of atrial fibrillation ablation with the third-generation cryoballoon catheter.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, increasing the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is a widely accepted approach for invasive treatment of patients with AF. CBA effectiveness is considered to be strongly dependent upon the anatomy of pulmonary veins, mainly the ovality of pulmonary veins' ostia. However, most published results refer to the second-generation cryoballoon. AIM: To investigate the impact of the ovality index (OI) of pulmonary veins (PVs) on cryokinetic parameters and acute effectiveness of PVI with the third-generation cryoballoon catheter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 54 patients with documented drug-refractory, symptomatic paroxysmal and persistent AF, who underwent CBA with the third-generation cryoballoon between March 2019 and July 2020. Prior to the procedure all patients underwent computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate anatomy of PVs and calculate the ovality indices for each vein. Analyzed patients were divided into two equal groups depending on the mean OI for all veins. RESULTS: No differences were observed in acute effectiveness, total procedure time, freeze time, need for additional applications and complications in the group with lower (OI < 1.27) and higher (OI > 1.27) OI values. Remarkably, fluoroscopy time was even slightly shorter (p = 0.046) in patients with high OI. CONCLUSIONS: In the analyzed population, increased pulmonary vein OI had no negative effect on the CBA procedure performed with the third-generation cryoballoon catheter; therefore it can be considered as a more comprehensive single-shot PVI tool.

Overexpression of PD-1 on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Its Association with High Viral Loads of Epstein-Barr Virus and Poor Clinical Parameters.

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but severe disease with the elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries without a known trigger of vascular remodelling. It leads to the right heart failure with reduced survival. Changes in the immunological landscape of the lungs and the periphery are common in IPAH patients, suggesting an immune system dysfunction. A cohort of 25 IPAH patients was enrolled in our study to investigate a link between the patient's clinical status, immune parameters of the blood, and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We found significant alterations of the patients' peripheral blood parameters. Therein, T lymphocytes and NK cell counts were decreased in the IPAH patients' blood, while the proportion of regulatory T cells was increased. Additionally, levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated. We identified a weak correlation between EBV loads and IPAH patients' clinical state (r = 0.54) and between EBV loads and overexpression of PD-1 on helper T cells (r = 0.56). We speculate that a significant dysregulation of the immune system homeostasis observed in IPAH patients may contribute to increased susceptibility of those patients to EBV infection, yet further longitudinal studies are required to characterize this relation in detail.