UV-C irradiation is able to inactivate pathogens found in commercially collected porcine plasma as demonstrated by swine bioassay.

Liquid porcine plasma is an animal origin raw material for the manufacturing process of spray-dried porcine plasma that is used in pig nutrition worldwide. In previous studies we found that the application of ultraviolet light C (UV-C) in liquid plasma that was inoculated with a variety of bacteria or viruses of importance in the swine industry can be considered as redundant safety steps because in general achieve around 4 logs reduction for most of these pathogens. However, the final validation of the UV-C light as safety feature should be conducted with commercial liquid plasma and using the pig bioassay model. As a first objective, the potential infectivity of a raw liquid plasma product collected from an abattoir was tested by means of a swine bioassay. We used Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), a ubiquitous virus that has been systematically detected by PCR in porcine plasma at abattoirs as selection criteria for commercial liquid plasma lot. As a second aim of the study, the effects of different doses of UV-C irradiation on the selected raw liquid plasma were assayed in the animal bioassay. Moreover, other swine infecting agents, including Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), were also determined in the original plasma and monitored in the inoculated animals. Pigs negative for PCV-2 and PRRSV genome and antibodies were allotted to one of five groups (6 to 8 pigs/ group) and injected intra-peritoneally with 10 mL of their assigned inoculum at 50 d of age. Negative control pigs (group 1) were injected with PBS. Positive control pigs (group 5) were injected with a PCV-2 inoculum. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were injected with liquid porcine plasma that had been subjected to 0 (raw plasma), 3000 or 9000 J/L UV-C irradiation, respectively. Group 2 pigs (0 J/L UV-C) got infection by PRRSV but no PCV-2 infection or seroconversion. However, one pig from group 2 seroconverted to Rotavirus A (RVA) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and three group 2 pigs seroconverted to Porcine parvovirus (PPV). Groups 1, 3 and 4 pigs showed no evidence of infection or seroconversion associated with the tested viruses or any other pathogens found in the liquid plasma before UV-C irradiation. Group 5 pigs developed PCV-2 infectivity as expected. UV-C irradiation of liquid plasma at 3000 and 9000 J/L was effective in preventing PRRSV and other pathogens transmission. Moreover, raw liquid plasma was non-infectious for PCV-2 in naïve pigs.

Pas Kinase Deficiency Triggers Antioxidant Mechanisms in the Liver.

Metabolic dysfunction in the liver is the cause of numerous pathologies, which are associated with an altered redox state. PASK (PAS Domain Kinase) is a nutrient and bioenergetic sensor. We contend that PASK could act as an oxidative stress sensor in liver and/or control the metabolic balance, playing a role in the mitochondrial homeostasis. Using PASK-deficient mice, we observed that PASK deficiency promotes antioxidant response mechanisms: a lower production of ROS/RNS under non-fasting conditions, overexpression of genes coding to ROS-detoxifying enzymes and mitochondrial fusion proteins (MnSod Gpx, Mfn1 and Opa1), coactivator Ppargc1a, transcription factors (Pparg and FoxO3a) and deacetylase Sirt1. Also, under fasting conditions, PASK deficiency induced the overexpression of Ppargc1a, Ppara, Pparg, FoxO3a and Nrf2 leading to the overexpression of genes coding to antioxidant enzymes such as MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, GPx, HO1 and GCLm. Additionally, inducing PINK1 involved in cell survival and mitophagy. These changes kept ROS steady levels and improved the regenerative state. We suggest a new role for PASK as a controller of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in the liver. In fact, antioxidant response is PASK dependent. PASK-targeting could therefore be a good way of reducing the oxidative stress in order to prevent or treat liver diseases.

Evaluation of ultraviolet-C and spray-drying processes as two independent inactivation steps on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 and K99 strains inoculated in fresh unconcentrated porcine plasma.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of an ultraviolet (UV-C, 254 nm) irradiation system and the spray-drying method as two independent safety steps on inactivation of Escherichia coli K88 and K99 spiked in porcine plasma at 6·46 ± 0·04 log10  ml-1 and 6·78 ± 0·67 log10  ml-1 respectively for UV-C method, and at 7·31 ± 0·39 log10  ml-1 and 7·66 ± 0·11 log10  ml-1 , respectively for the spray-drying method. The UV-C method was performed at different UV light doses (from 750 to 9000 J l-1 ) using a pilot plant UV-C device working under turbulent flow. Spray-drying treatment was done at inlet temperature 220 ± 1°C and two different outlet temperatures, 80 ± 1°C or 70 ± 1°C. Results indicated that UV-C treatment induced a 4 log10 viability reduction for both E. coli at 3000 J l-1 . Full inactivation of both E. coli strains was achieved in all spray-dried samples dehydrated at both outlet temperatures. The special UV-C system design for turbid liquid porcine plasma is a novel treatment that can provide an additional redundant biosafety feature that can be incorporated into the manufacturing process for spray-dried animal plasma. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The safety of raw materials from animal origin such as spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) may be a concern for the swine industry. Ultraviolet treatment at 254 nm (UV-C) of liquid plasma has been proposed as an additional biosafety feature in the manufacturing process of SDPP. We found that UV-C exposure in the liquid plasma at 3000 J l-1 reduces about 4 log10 ml-1 for E. coli K88 and K99. Full inactivation of both E. coli strains was achieved in all spray-dried samples. The incorporation of UV-C treatment to liquid plasma improves the robustness of the SDPP manufacturing process.

PAS Kinase deficiency alters the glucokinase function and hepatic metabolism.

The liver controls metabolic homeostasis in response to fasting and refeeding periods. Glucokinase (GCK) adjusts hepatic glucose phosphorylation to blood glucose levels, acting as a glucose sensor. Our objective was to determine whether PAS kinase (PASK), a nutrient sensor, could be affecting the expression or activity of liver GCK and the response to fasting and refeeding states of key hepatic metabolic pathways. PASK-deficient mice have impaired insulin signaling (AKT overactivation). Furthermore, PASK deficiency modified the expression of several transcription factors involved in the adjustment to fasting and refeeding. Foxo1 decreased under fasting conditions, while Ppara and Pparg were overexpressed in PASK-deficient mice. However, PEPCK protein levels were similar or higher, while the expression of Cpt1a decreased in PASK-deficient mice. By contrast, Lxra and Chrebp were overexpressed after refeeding, while the expression of Acc and Fas decreased in PASK-deficient mice. Likewise, with a decreased expression of Gck and increased nuclear location of the complex GCK-GCKR, GCK activity decreased in PASK-deficient mice. Therefore, PASK regulated some of the genes and proteins responsible for glucose sensing, such as glucokinase, and for insulin signalling, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism and consequently certain critical hepatic functions.

Combined effects of spray-drying conditions and postdrying storage time and temperature on Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium survival when inoculated in liquid porcine plasma.

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the spray-drying process on the inactivation of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium spiked in liquid porcine plasma and to test the additive effect of immediate postdrying storage. Commercial spray-dried porcine plasma was sterilized by irradiation and then reconstituted (1:9) with sterile water. Aliquots of reconstituted plasma were inoculated with either S. choleraesuis or S. typhimurium, subjected to spray-drying at an inlet temperature of 200°C and an outlet temperature of either 71 or 80°C, and each spray-drying temperature combinations were subjected to either 0, 30 or 60 s of residence time (RT) as a simulation of residence time typical of commercial dryers. Spray-dried samples were stored at either 4·0 ± 3·0°C or 23·0 ± 0·3°C for 15 days. Bacterial counts of each Salmonella spp., were completed for all samples. For both Salmonella spp., spray-drying at both outlet temperatures reduced bacterial counts about 3 logs at RT 0 s, while there was about a 5·5 log reduction at RT 60 s. Storage of all dried samples at either 4·0 ± 3·0°C or 23·0 ± 0·3°C for 15 days eliminate all detectable bacterial counts of both Salmonella spp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Safety of raw materials from animal origin like spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) may be a concern for the swine industry. Spray-drying process and postdrying storage are good inactivation steps to reduce the bacterial load of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium. For both Salmonella spp., spray-drying at 71°C or 80°C outlet temperatures reduced bacterial counts about 3 log at residence time (RT) 0 s, while there was about a 5.5 log reduction at RT 60 s. Storage of all dried samples at either 4.0 ± 3.0°C or 23.0 ± 0.3°C for 15 days was effective for eliminating detectable bacterial counts of both Salmonella spp.

Anesthetic management for thoracic surgery in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome / Manejo anestésico en cirugía torácica en el síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a chromosomopathy associated to molecular mutations or microdeletions of chromosome 16. It has an incidence of 1:125,000-700,000 live births. RTS patients present craniofacial and thoracic anomalies that lead to a probable difficult-to-manage airway and ventilation. They also present mental retardation and comorbidity, such as congenital cardiac defects, pulmonary structural anomalies and recurrent respiratory infections, which increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Cardiac arrhythmias have been reported after the use of certain drugs such as succinylcholine and atropine, in a higher incidence than in general population. There is an increased risk of postoperative apnea-hypopnea in these patients. We report the anesthetic management in a RTS patient undergoing emergent thoracic surgery due to oesophageal perforation and mediastinitis. Lung isolation was achieved with a bronchial blocker guided with a fiberoptic bronchoscope and one-lung ventilation was performed successfully (AU)

El síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi es una enfermedad de baja incidencia (1:125.000-700.000 RN vivos) asociada a mutaciones o microdeleciones del cromosoma 16. Los pacientes afectos presentan frecuentemente anomalías craneofaciales y torácicas que condicionan una vía aérea y ventilación dificultosas. Asimismo, asocian retraso mental y comorbilidades, entre las que cabe destacar cardiopatías congénitas, infecciones respiratorias de repetición y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, que aumenta el riesgo de broncoaspiración. En estos pacientes se ha descrito una mayor incidencia de arritmias tras la administración de fármacos, como la succinilcolina y atropina, así como una mayor incidencia de apnea e hipopnea en el postoperatorio. Presentamos el manejo anestésico de un paciente afecto de síndrome de Rubinstein–Taybi sometido a cirugía torácica urgente por perforación esofágica y mediastinitis, con exclusión pulmonar llevada a cabo con bloqueador bronquial (AU)

Anesthetic management for thoracic surgery in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a chromosomopathy associated to molecular mutations or microdeletions of chromosome 16. It has an incidence of 1:125,000-700,000 live births. RTS patients present craniofacial and thoracic anomalies that lead to a probable difficult-to-manage airway and ventilation. They also present mental retardation and comorbidity, such as congenital cardiac defects, pulmonary structural anomalies and recurrent respiratory infections, which increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Cardiac arrhythmias have been reported after the use of certain drugs such as succinylcholine and atropine, in a higher incidence than in general population. There is an increased risk of postoperative apnea-hypopnea in these patients. We report the anesthetic management in a RTS patient undergoing emergent thoracic surgery due to oesophageal perforation and mediastinitis. Lung isolation was achieved with a bronchial blocker guided with a fiberoptic bronchoscope and one-lung ventilation was performed successfully.

Carcinoma ductal ecrino: papel de la cirugía de Mohs y revisión de la literatura / Eccrine Carcinoma: The Role of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and a Review of the Literature

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Patrón en ovillo de lana como hallazgo ecográfico característico de hiperplasia angiolinfoide con eosinofilia / Wooly Pattern as a Characteristic Ultrasound Finding in Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia With Eosinophilia

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Tratamiento anestésico del neonato con atresia de esófago asociada a fístula traqueoesofágica y ano imperforado / Anesthetic management of a neonate with esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula and imperforate anus

La atresia de esófago es una malformación infrecuente (1:2.500-4.500 recién nacidos vivos), incompatible con la vida y una urgencia quirúrgica neonatal. El 30% de los pacientes son prematuros o presentan bajo peso al nacer y el 50% presentan anomalías asociadas, principalmente cardíacas. Las cardiopatías congénitas de orden mayor o el bajo peso al nacer son predictores independientes de mortalidad y eventos críticos perioperatorios. Presentamos el caso de un paciente intervenido de urgencia de atresia de esófago, fístula traqueoesofágica tipo iii b/C e imperforación anal. El objetivo de este artículo es la exposición de las consideraciones anestésicas en pacientes con esta afección, cuyo complejo manejo perioperatorio supone un importante reto y debe realizarse por equipos multidisciplinares con experiencia en neonatología. Establecer una vía aérea segura y obtener una ventilación pulmonar efectiva que minimice la fuga de aire al tracto digestivo debe ser uno de los objetivos prioritarios del manejo anestésico (AU)

Esophageal atresia is a rare condition (1:2,500-4,500), incompatible with life, and a surgical emergency in the neonatal period. It is associated with prematurity in 30% of cases, and to congenital abnormalities in 50% of cases, especially cardiac anomalies. Major congenital heart diseases and low weight are independent predictors of mortality and critical perioperative events. The aim of this article is to describe the most significant anaesthetic challenges presented in a case of a term neonate undergoing emergency surgery after being diagnosed with esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula type iiib/C, and imperforate anus. The major priorities during the anaesthetic management consist of establishing a safe airway and effective pulmonary ventilation that minimises air leakage to the upper digestive tract (AU)

Evaluación de la exactitud de los localizadores electrónicos de ápice Raypex® 5 e iPex. Estudio in vitro / An evaluation of Raypex(R) 5 and iPex apex locators. In vitro study

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio in vitro es comparar la exactitud de dos localizadores electrónicos de ápice (LEAs), el Raypex® 5 y el iPex. Material y métodos. La longitud de trabajo (LT) se determinó electrónicamente en 40 conductos de dientes humanos utilizando limas K y uno de los dos LEAs. Los 4 mm apicales de cada conducto se desgastaron hasta que la lima quedó expuesta. Las muestras se observaron bajo el microscopio electrónico de barrido ambiental, midiéndose la distancia desde la punta de la lima a un punto situado 0,5 mm coronal al foramen mayor (LT real). Resultados. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos LEAs. La distancia media desde la LT real a la punta de la lima fue de 0,271 ± 0,30 mm para el Raypex® 5 y de 0,179 ± 0,33 mm para el iPex. Los datos se analizaron mediante el test de la t de Student. Conclusiones. Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos LEAs (AU)

Objective. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (EALs) the Raypex® 5 and the iPex. Material and methods. The working length (WL) was determined electronically for 40 human root canals using a K-file and one of the two EALs. The apical 4 mm of each canal was trimmed to expose the file tip. The samples were observed under a scanning electron microscope, and the distance from the file tip to the point 0.5 mm coronal to the major foramen (the actual WL) was measured. Results. No statistically significant differences were found between the two EALs. The mean distance from the actual WL to the file tip was 0.271 ± 0.30 mm for the Raypex® 5 and 0.179 ± 0.33 mm for the iPex. t Student test was used to analize the data. Conclusions. Under the conditions of this study, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two EALs (AU)

Dermatitis alérgica de contacto a metil aminolevulinato / Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Methyl Aminolevulinate

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[Anesthetic management of a neonate with esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula and imperforate anus]. / Tratamiento anestésico del neonato con atresia de esófago asociada a fístula traqueoesofágica y ano imperforado.

Esophageal atresia is a rare condition (1:2,500-4,500), incompatible with life, and a surgical emergency in the neonatal period. It is associated with prematurity in 30% of cases, and to congenital abnormalities in 50% of cases, especially cardiac anomalies. Major congenital heart diseases and low weight are independent predictors of mortality and critical perioperative events. The aim of this article is to describe the most significant anaesthetic challenges presented in a case of a term neonate undergoing emergency surgery after being diagnosed with esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula type iiib/C, and imperforate anus. The major priorities during the anaesthetic management consist of establishing a safe airway and effective pulmonary ventilation that minimises air leakage to the upper digestive tract.