ABSTRACT
The well-characterized Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend oil and several other oils which are commonly transported in Canada were physically weathered and then incubated with a defined microbial inoculum. The purpose was to produce quantitative data on oil components and component groups which are more susceptible or resistant to biodegradation, and to determine how oils rank in relation to each other in terms of biodegradation potential. The biodegraded oils were characterized by quantitative determination of changes in important hydrocarbon groups including the total petroleum hydrocarbons, total saturates and aromatics, and also by quantitation of more than 100 individual target aliphatic, aromatic and biomarker components. The study reveals a pattern of distinct oil composition changes due to biodegradation, which is significantly different from the pattern due to physical or short-term weathering. It is important to be able to distinguish between these two forms of loss, so that loss due to weathering is not interpreted as loss due to biodegradation in the laboratory or in the field. Based on these findings, the oil composition changes due to biodegradation can be readily differentiated from those due to physical weathering. To rank the tested oils with respect to biodegradability, losses in total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatics were used to calculate biodegradation potential indices, employing equations proposed by Environment Canada and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The different methods produced very similar biodegradation trends, confirming that patterns of oil biodegradability do exist.
Subject(s)
Biodegradation, Environmental , Petroleum/analysis , Bacteria/metabolism , Canada , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Chromatography, Gas , Environmental Pollution , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hydrocarbons/analysis , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
When applied within a low-strength electric field (+/- 12 V/cm) with a low current density (+/- 2.1 mA/cm2), several industrial biocides exhibited enhanced killing action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on stainless steel studs. Biocide concentrations lower than those necessary to kill planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa (1, 5, and 10 ppm of the active ingredients of kathon, glutaraldehyde, and quaternary ammonium compound, respectively) were bactericidal within 24 h when applied within our electrified device.
