Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of uncommon rectal lesions. / Microcirugía endoscópica transanal en el tratamiento de lesiones rectales atípicas.

INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was developed as a less aggressive alternative treatment for rectal lesions (mainly adenomas and adenocarcinomas). However, its use for other rectal lesions has become more frequent, trying to reduce the morbidity associated with more invasive techniques. The aim of this study is to describe our experience in the use of TEM in other rectal lesions. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study including patients operated with TEM (from June 2008 to December 2016) for the treatment of rectal lesions different from adenomas or adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: Among the 138 patients treated by TEM in our department, 10 patients were operated on for rectal lesions other than adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Rectal lesions were 3neuroendocrine tumours, a neuroendocrine tumour metastasis, a rectal stenosis, a cloacogenic polyp, an endometrioma, a retrorrectal tumour, a presacral abscess and a lesion in the rectovaginal septum. Mean operative time was 72min and postoperative stay was 4.2 days. Only one patient needed a reoperation, due to rectal bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: TEM could be a useful tool for the treatment of rectal lesions different from adenomas or adenocarcinomas, potentially decreasing the morbidity associated with more aggressive surgical techniques.

Microcirugía endoscópica transanal en el tratamiento de lesiones rectales atípicas / Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of uncommon rectal lesions

Introducción: La microcirugía endoscópica transanal (TEM) se diseña como una alternativa menos agresiva en el tratamiento de lesiones rectales (principalmente adenomas y adenocarcinomas). Sin embargo, su uso se ha ampliado a otras lesiones rectales para intentar disminuir la morbilidad añadida a técnicas más invasivas. El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar nuestra experiencia en el uso de la TEM en el tratamiento de otras lesiones rectales, diferentes de adenomas y adenocarcinomas. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo en el que se incluyen pacientes intervenidos mediante TEM para el tratamiento de lesiones rectales (diferentes a adenomas o adenocarcinomas) desde junio de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2016. Resultados: Entre los 138 pacientes operados mediante TEM en nuestro servicio, 10 fueron tratados por lesiones diferentes a adenomas o adenocarcinomas. Las lesiones rectales fueron 3tumores neuroendocrinos primarios, una metástasis de tumor neuroendocrino, una estenosis rectal, un pólipo cloacogénico, un endometrioma, un tumor retrorrectal, un absceso presacro y una lesión sin filiar en tabique rectovaginal. El tiempo operatorio medio fue de 72 min y la estancia postoperatoria de 4,2 días. Solo un paciente necesitó reintervención por rectorragia. Conclusiones: La aplicación del TEM para el tratamiento de lesiones rectales diferentes a adenomas o adenocarcinomas puede ser una herramienta útil que potencialmente ayude a disminuir la morbilidad asociada a otros tipos de técnicas quirúrgicas más invasivas (AU)

Introduction: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was developed as a less aggressive alternative treatment for rectal lesions (mainly adenomas and adenocarcinomas). However, its use for other rectal lesions has become more frequent, trying to reduce the morbidity associated with more invasive techniques. The aim of this study is to describe our experience in the use of TEM in other rectal lesions. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study including patients operated with TEM (from June 2008 to December 2016) for the treatment of rectal lesions different from adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Results: Among the 138 patients treated by TEM in our department, 10 patients were operated on for rectal lesions other than adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Rectal lesions were 3neuroendocrine tumours, a neuroendocrine tumour metastasis, a rectal stenosis, a cloacogenic polyp, an endometrioma, a retrorrectal tumour, a presacral abscess and a lesion in the rectovaginal septum. Mean operative time was 72min and postoperative stay was 4.2 days. Only one patient needed a reoperation, due to rectal bleeding. Conclusions: TEM could be a useful tool for the treatment of rectal lesions different from adenomas or adenocarcinomas, potentially decreasing the morbidity associated with more aggressive surgical techniques (AU)

¿Qué se investiga en cáncer de recto? / What's new in rectal cancer research

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia clínica tiene más peso en las especialidades médicas que en las quirúrgicas. El cáncer de recto (CR) no es una excepción. En este artículo, nos hemos planteado explorar de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa, qué cuestiones y materias relacionadas con el CR están siendo investigadas en el momento actual y, posteriormente, analizar esta información para conocer qué respuestas podrá darnos la investigación clínica en el futuro. MÉTODOS: La obtención de datos se realizó en abril de 2014 y se basó en 3 fuentes: 2 registros institucionales de ensayos clínicos, -el registro americano (clinicaltrials.gov) y el registro europeo (EU Clinical Trials Register) - y una encuesta realizada a través de la Asociación Española de Coloproctología (AECP). Los estudios obtenidos fueron exportados a una base de datos diseñada especialmente para esta revisión, en la que se incluyeron además una serie de elementos descriptivos que permitieran la catalogación de los estudios. Los resultados de la encuesta AECP fueron analizados de forma separada. RESULTADOS: Hay actualmente en marcha 216 estudios referidos al CR. Dos tercios son fundamentalmente oncológicos. Casi un tercio son quirúrgicos. Las líneas de investigación se centran en la mejora del tratamiento preoperatorio: nuevos fármacos, nuevos esquemas de quimiorradioterapia (generalmente de inducción o consolidación) u optimización de la radioterapia y sus efectos. Los ensayos clínicos quirúrgicos estudian aspectos relacionados con robótica, laparoscopia, estomas, anastomosis bajas, CR distal y tratamiento local. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los estudios actuales sobre CR analizan aspectos relacionados con la quimiorradioterapia y sus efectos. Un tercio se centran en temas especialmente quirúrgicos

INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence has a more significant role in medical specialties than in surgery. Rectal cancer (CR) is no exception. This paper explores what CR-related subjects are being investigated at the present time in a quantitative and qualitative way and analyzes this information to know what possible answers clinical research could give us in the future. METHODS: The data collection was carried out in April 2014 and was based on 3 sources: 2 institutional clinical trials registries -American (clinicaltrials.gov) and European (EU Clinical Trials Register)- and a survey given to members of the Asociación Española de Coloproctología (AECP). The obtained studies were exported to a database designed especially for this review, which included a number of descriptive elements that would allow the cataloging of the different studies. The AECP survey results were analyzed separately. RESULTS: There are currently 216 clinical trials ongoing related to CR. Two-thirds are primarily conducted by oncologists. Nearly a third are surgical. The research focuses on improving preoperative treatment: new drugs, new schemes of chemo-radiotherapy (usually induction or consolidation schemes) or optimization of radiotherapy and its effects. Surgical clinical trials are related to robotics, laparoscopy, stoma, low colorectal anastomosis, distal CR and local treatment. CONCLUSION: Most of the current clinical trials ongoing on CR are analyzing aspects of chemo-radiotherapy and its effects. A third focus on purely surgical issues

What is being researched in rectal cancer? / ¿Qué se investiga en cáncer de recto?

INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence has a more significant role in medical specialties than in surgery. Rectal cancer (CR) is no exception. This paper explores what CR-related subjects are being investigated at the present time in a quantitative and qualitative way and analyzes this information to know what possible answers clinical research could give us in the future. METHODS: The data collection was carried out in April 2014 and was based on 3 sources: 2 institutional clinical trials registries -American (clinicaltrials.gov) and European (EU Clinical Trials Register)- and a survey given to members of the Asociación Española de Coloproctología (AECP). The obtained studies were exported to a database designed especially for this review, which included a number of descriptive elements that would allow the cataloging of the different studies. The AECP survey results were analyzed separately. RESULTS: There are currently 216 clinical trials ongoing related to CR. Two-thirds are primarily conducted by oncologists. Nearly a third are surgical. The research focuses on improving preoperative treatment: new drugs, new schemes of chemo-radiotherapy (usually induction or consolidation schemes) or optimization of radiotherapy and its effects. Surgical clinical trials are related to robotics, laparoscopy, stoma, low colorectal anastomosis, distal CR and local treatment. CONCLUSION: Most of the current clinical trials ongoing on CR are analyzing aspects of chemo-radiotherapy and its effects. A third focus on purely surgical issues.

Indicaciones y resultados de la microcirugía endoscópica transanal en el tratamiento de los tumores rectales en una serie consecutiva de 52 pacientes / Indications and results of transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal tumours in a consecutive series of 52 patients

El abordaje abdominal para el tratamiento de los tumores rectales se asocia a una morbilidad considerable. La microcirugía endoscópica transanal (TEM) supone una técnica alternativa, menos invasiva que la cirugía radical, y por tanto, con una menor morbilidad asociada. Además, con una correcta selección de pacientes, la TEM presenta resultados oncológicos equiparables a la cirugía radical. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar nuestros resultados con TEM y discutir sus indicaciones en el tratamiento de los tumores rectales. Pacientes y método Estudio observacional con recogida prospectiva de datos desde junio de 2008 hasta enero de 2011. Las indicaciones de TEM fueron: lesiones benignas rectales no susceptibles de resección mediante colonoscopia; lesiones rectales neoplásicas precoces (T1N0M0) con factores de buen pronóstico; lesiones neoplásicas con estadios más avanzados en pacientes seleccionados (alto riego quirúrgico, negación de cirugía radical o estoma e intención paliativa).Resultados Se realizó resección mediante TEM a 52 pacientes (35 lesiones benignas y 17 malignas). La estancia media hospitalaria ha sido de 4,9 días con una morbilidad asociada del 15,3%. La resección R0 en adenomas y carcinomas fue del 97,1% y 88,8% respectivamente. Durante el seguimiento de 15 (3-31) meses, se ha evidenciado una recidiva de un adenoma que ha vuelto a ser intervenido mediante TEM. Conclusiones La TEM es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de lesiones rectales benignas y malignas precoces seleccionadas, asociada a una baja morbilidad. No obstante, se trata de una estrategia terapéutica, basada en un equipo multidisciplinario, fundamentada en una cuidadosa selección de pacientes, una técnica quirúrgica auditada y un estricto protocolo de seguimiento (AU)

Introduction: The abdominal approach for the treatment of rectal tumours is associated with considerable morbidity. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a technical alternative, and less invasive than radical surgery, and thus, with a lower associated morbidity. Also, with the correct selection of patients, TEM shows similar oncological results to radicalsurgery. The objective of this study is to review our results with TEM and discuss its indications in the treatment of rectal tumours. Patients and method: An observational, retrospective study with prospective collection of data conducted from June 2008 to January 2011. TEM indications were: benign rectaltumours non-resectable using colonoscopy; early malignant rectal tumours (T1N0M0) with good prognostic factors: neoplastic tumours in more advanced stages in selected patients(high surgical risk, refused radical surgery or stoma and palliative care).Results: A resection was performed using TEM on 52 patients (35 benign and 17 malignant tumours). The mean hospital stay was 4.9 days, with an associated morbidity of 15.3%. TheR0 resection in adenomas and carcinomas was 97.1% and 88.8% respectively. During afollow-up of 15 (3-31) months, one recurrence of an adenoma was observed which was reoperated on using TEM. Conclusions: TEM is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of benign and selected early malignant rectal tumours, and is associated with a low morbidity. However, it is a therapeutic strategy based on a multidisciplinary team, basically with careful selection of patients, a validated technique and a strict follow-up protocol (AU)

Síndrome de Lynch: genética y cirugía / Lynch syndrome: genetics and surgery

El cáncer colorrectal hereditario no polipósico o síndrome de Lynch, causado por mutaciones germinales en genes reparadores de bases desapareadas de ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), es la forma más frecuente de cáncer colorrectal hereditario. La identificación de estos individuos no es fácil y se basa en criterios clínicos y moleculares. Se expone a continuación una revisión sobre genética y diagnóstico en el síndrome de Lynch, así como sobre su manejo quirúrgico y prevención (AU)

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or Lynch Syndrome, caused by germinal mutations in mismatch deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair genes, is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer. The identification of these individuals is not easy and is based on clinical and molecular criteria. A review is presented on the genetics and diagnosis in Lynch Syndrome, as well as on its surgical management and prevention (AU)