Molecular genetic detection and differentiation of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, bacterial leaf streak agents of rice.

The genus Xanthomonas comprises phytopathogenic bacteria which infect about 400 host species, including a wide variety of economically important plants. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Fang et al., 1957) Swings et al., 1990 is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) being one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of rice. BLS symptoms are very similar to those of bacterial blight caused by closely related Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. X. o. pv. oryzae and X. o. pv. oryzicola and often occur in rice f ields simultaneously, so separate leaves may show symptoms of both diseases. The quarantine status and high severity of the pathogen require a highly eff icient, fast and precise diagnostic method. We have developed an assay for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR amplicon sequencing. The DNA samples of X. o. pv. oryzae and X. o. pv. oryzicola were obtained from the collection of CIRM-CFBR (France). To evaluate the analytical sensitivity of the assay, a vector construct based on the pAL2-T plasmid was created through the insertion of X. o. pv. oryzicola target fragment (290 bp). Primers and a probe for qPCR were selected for the hpa1 gene site. They allowed identifying all the strains the sequences of which had been loaded in the GenBank NCBI Nucleotide database before November 11, 2021. The SeqX.o.all sequencing primers were selected for the hrp gene cluster sequence, namely for the nucleotide sequence encoding the Hpa1 protein, the sequencing of which allows for eff icient differentiation of X. oryzae species. The analytical specif icity of the system was tested using the DNAs of 53 closely related and accompanying microorganisms and comprised 100 % with no false-positive or false-negative results registered. The system's analytical sensitivity was not less than 25 copies per PCR reaction. Its eff icacy has been conf irmed using f ive different qPCR detection systems from different manufacturers, so it can be recommended for diagnostic and screening studies.

[Problems of establishing the prescription of death]. / Problemy ustanovleniya davnosti nastupleniya smerti.

Based on the analysis of literature data, demonstrated the relevance of further research to establish the prescription of death, including in a hot arid zone. Taking into account the climate of the seasons of Uzbekistan was stressed the importance of a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of the development of cadaveric changes and supravital reactions, together with the results of biochemical, morphological and morphometric studies of the brain, other organs and tissues at different times of the postmortem period in certain groups. It could be used to develop additional criteria for establishing the onset of death in a hot arid zone.

[STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF CRANIAL CAVAL VEINS IN POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS (A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY)].

The peculiarities of structural transformations of different portions of the cranial caval veins were studied in 60 rats at Days 1-30 after birth. The alternating periods of rapid and slow increase in the length of the cranial caval veins were identified. Wall thickness in all the parts of the right cranial caval vein increased less significantly as compared with its length during the early period after birth (Days 1-11). At Days 16-30, the rate of growth of the length was reduced, while the vessel wall thickness increased. This regularity was not observed in the development of the left cranial caval vein. Instead, this vessel demonstrated alternating periods of accelerated and decelerated growth of the wall thickness.

[Tissue reactions of the laryngeal mucous membrane and its regulatory structures in experimental chronic laryngitis].

Experimental chronic laryngitis (ECL) was induced in 34 adult male rabbits by placement of fosta nylon thread into their trachea. Changes in the laryngeal mucous membrane in ECL were studied at days 30-90 using histological, histochemical and morphometric methods. ECL resulted in the thickening of both the epithelium and lamina propria of the laryngeal mucous membrane. In the ECL dynamics, the thickness of stratified squamous epithelium was increased insignificantly, however, it demonstrated the stimulation of the focal hyperplastic processes. Lamina propria, underlying this epithelium, was found to become thicker throughout the whole experiment (days 30-90). At the same time, progressive growth of the thickness of both pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and the lamina propria beneath was observed. This was accompanied by the hyperplasia of laryngeal endocrine cells and the increase of their secretory activity.

[Adrenal cortex response to prolonged administration of low doses of magnesium chlorate in rats]. / Reaktsiia kory nadpochechnikov krys na dlitel'noe vvedenie khlorata magniia v malykh dozakh.

Rat adrenals were studied using histological and histochemical methods during prolonged intoxication with pesticide magnesium chlorate which was administered in a dose equal to 1/100 of LD50 (41 mg/kg of body weight). Animals that received distilled water and were kept in similar conditions were used as control. It was demonstrated that intoxication of rats for 3-7 days results in increased secretory activity of all the zones of adrenal cortex. Later (after 14-90 days) the zonal response to pesticide administration was variable. Magnesium chlorate treatment results in the disturbances of hormonal synthesis in adrenocorticocytes. Compensatory-adaptive capacities of zona fasciculata were found to be greater than those in zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis.

[The organizational characteristics of the APUD system in mammalian lungs at different stages of ontogeny]. / Osobennosti organizatsii APUD-sistemy v legkikh mlekopitaiushchikh na raznykh stadiiakh ontogeneza.

The organization peculiarities of APUD-system in the lungs of rabbits, rats and guinea pigs has been studied. The endocrine system in the lungs of rabbits in pre- and postnatal ontogenesis is presented by the adipocytes and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) containing a considerable number of monoamines. The number of argyrophil adipocytes and NEBs in the lungs of 21 and more day-old adult rats seem to be less than in fetuses and newborns. Monoamines are not revealed in the endocrine rat lung structures by means of the glyoxylic acid. In the lungs of guinea pigs the single argyrophil adipocytes and NEBs are determined in the gestation period.

[Comparative analysis of monoamine producers in the major duodenal papilla and lungs of rabbits]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz produtsentov monoaminov v ampule bol'shogo sosochka dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki i v legkikh u krolikov.

By means of incubation of slices in 2% solution of glyoxylic, acid adrenergic nervous structures and endocrine cells (APUD cells) have been studied in the ampule wall of the duodenal large papilla and in the lungs in 6 mature male rabbits. Topographic proximity of APUD cells and adrenergic nervous fibers is noted. Contents of serotonin and catecholamines in the structures mentioned have been investigated microfluorometrically. Simultaneous revealing of producers of monoamines make possible to suppose that serotonin and catecholamines get paracrinically from the APUD cells into terminals of the adrenergic nervous fibers.

[Endocrine cells of the APUD-system in the human lung (electron microscopy characteristics)]. / Endokrinnye kletki APUD-sistemy v legkikh cheloveka (élektronnomikroskopicheskaia kharakteristika).

Lungs of 4 human fetuses (11-, 13-, 22-, 28-week-old), of 1 stillborn and of 3 mature persons, operated in connection with pulmonary cancer, have been investigated. In the fetal lungs apudocytes and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) have been revealed. The apudocytes differ from each other by structure and size of endocrine granules. In the 11-week-old fetus P1 cells with two types of granules occur most often. Among P1 cells there are several subgroups, differing in their granule dimensions. P2 apudocytes possess granules of one type with a round core and a narrow rim of cytoplasm. P3 cells are characterized with still larger granules, a very dense core and a narrow rim. In large bronchi some groups are found, consisting of two and more endocrine cells of all three types. In the lungs of the 13-week-old fetus P1 cells are defined and a new type of cells, that contain homogenous granules, characterizing by their small size. In 22 weeks of development in the intrapulmonary bronchi apudocytes with granules specific for Ec-cells are found. NEB consists of cells and islands, possessing polymorphous granules. Various types of apudocytes are defined in large bronchi of the 22-week-old fetus. In the stillborn infant apudocytes in the lung are found very seldom. In lung of the mature persons the morphology of apudocytes is unitypical. Thus, during embryogenesis and after birth there are variable types of endocrine cells and NEB.

[Possible causes for an increased content of blood peptide hormones in small-cell lung cancer]. / Vozmozhnye prichiny povysheniia soderzhaniia peptidnykh gormonov v krovi pri mlekokletochnom rake legkogo.

The study established the following three possible causes of elevated blood levels of peptide hormones in small-cell lung cancer: endocrine-cell tumor sitting in the lung, presence of tumor endocrine tissues in lung carcinoma of hyperplastic response of normal endocrine cells of the lung and/or other organs to malignancy in the lung.

[Morphology of the apudocytes and neuroepithelial bodies in the lungs of rats]. / Morfologiia apudotsitov i neiroépitelial'nykh telets v legkikh krys.

Endocrine cells (apudocytes) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) were revealed in the lungs of rats of different ages by Grimelius' argyrophilic method. Solitary apudocytes were found among the bronchial epitheliocytes, they had the oval, columnar or triangular shape. NEBs comprise groups of argyrophilic cells, in some cases the penetration of neural fibers into the bodies and their branching in the terminals are observed. Apudocytes and NEBs in 1-, 7-, and 15-day-old rats are more numerous in the epithelium of small than big bronchi. In 21- and 30-day-old and in adult animals apudocytes and NEBs are very scarce. The elements under study are likely to take part in the early postnatal development of the rat lungs.

[Content of endocrine cells of the APUD-system of the lungs in cancer of that organ]. / Soderzhanie éndokrinnykh kletok APUD-sistemy legkikh pri rake étogo organa.

Pulmonary tissue samples were obtained from 17 patients operated on for cancer of the lungs. The samples were subjected to Grimelius argyrophil reaction to detect apud cells. These occurred in clusters and solitary cells in lung tissue adjacent to that involved with cancer. Numerous apud cells were found in 4 out of 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and in 1 out of 5 patients with adenocarcinoma. Apud cell hyperplasia occurred more frequently in large tumors with metastases to the lymph nodes of the root of the lung.

[Distribution of argyrophilic cells in the lungs of human fetuses]. / Raspredelenie argirofil'nykh kletok v legkikh plodov cheloveka.

Lungs of the human fetuses have been investigated at the age of 11, 18, 22 and 25 weeks. General histological staining methods and silver nitrate impregnation of the sections after Grimelius have been applied. Single argyrophile endocrinic cells (apudocytes) are revealed in the fetal lungs during all the time investigated. Groups of the argyrophilic cells--neuroepithelial bodies (NEB)--appear later and in small quantity. The quantity of the apudocytes and NEB gradually increases, especially noticeably in the distal parts of the bronchial tree. The number of the apudocytes increases during the canalicular stage of the pulmonary development. The endocrinic apparatus of the human lungs is forming in connection with development of the airy pathways, respiratory part and intraorganic vascular system.

[Effect of preovulatory overripeness of the ovum on the course of the early stages of rat embryogenesis]. / Vliianie preovultiatornogo perezrevaniia iaitsekletok na techenie rannikh stadii émbriogeneza krys.

One day delay of ovulation in rats, caused by the injection of medinal, resulted in the marked slowing down of the cleavage rate. The delay is due to additive effect of both the drug itself and preovulatory over-ripeness of the oocytes. Upon two days medinal delay of ovulation, the toxic effect of over-ripeness was not stronger than upon the twofold injection of medinal; two days hormonal delay of ovulation resulted in the distinct inhibition of cleavage.