[Continuing work after 64 years of age and postural balance.]

The objective of this study was to assess the components of postural balance among working and non-working men and women aged 65-69. A total of 120 people within the age range of 65-69 were screened. The first group included 30 female and 30 male patients who continued working beyond retirement. The second group comprised 30 women and 30 men who had ceased working by the time of the examination. For comprehensive assessment of postural balance components the computer complex of dynamic postrography «Smart Equitest Balance Manager¼ was used. Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and Motor Control Test (MCT) were conducted. An analysis of SOT and MCT results showed that compared to non-workers aged 65-69, working men and women of the same age range demonstrated more effective maintenance of static and static-dynamic balance, increased postural control performance, including neuromuscular control of balance, as well as optimal balancing and centre of gravity control while maintaining static and static-dynamic balance. The reduced participation of somatosensory, visual and vestibular information in postural control and visual-motor coordination will negatively impact the ability of people over 64 to continue working.

[Older age vitality and retirement (literature review).]

The article provides a review of research literature on the social and psychological peculiarities of working and non-working pensioners with additional new data on their life quality. Six psychographic profiles of pensioners based on their post-retirement activities and motivations for new life path choices were described and examined, enabling identification of the subjects' personality types. These data are essential for psychologists and social workers consulting people approaching retirement age and recent retirees on their retirement lifestyle, ways to organize their working life and effective (creative) pastime, including career development later in life, without sacrificing their physical and mental health. The article looks at the main reasons behind continuing work after retirement thereby supplementing the existing knowledge on post-retirement work motivations. It is important to consider the data obtained when designing public policies on post-retirement work promotion. In its psychological aspect, the process of settling into retirement is similar to the emotional phases associated with the transitional periods of human life. After quitting work, almost all retirees face them in one form or another. Their ability to navigate the process is what will eventually determine how they will spend this stage of their lives. The article analyzes five stages of retirement.

[V.I. GEDROITS, A SURGEON AND A FOLLOWER OF CESARE ROUX OF LAUSANNE].

The paper overviews personality formation of the woman surgeon Vera Ignat'evna Gedroits (1870-1932), a follower of the world-famous Cesare Roux of Lausanne.

[OPTIMIZATION OF PRECLINICAL TRAINING OF ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS BASED ON THE FORMATION OF PATHOGENIC SIMULATION LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS].

Simulation training has become an important component of the postgraduate training of anaesthesiologists for several reasons: organizational difficulties in obtaining primary professional skills in a clinical setting, the opportunity to study in a hospital existing pathology only and not planned in accordance with the curriculum. This increases the risk of medical malpractice of young specialist and study may be accompanied by complications and increasing the cost of treatment. In our work, we have studied the factors of continuity of preclinical and clinical stages of anaesthesiologists training in inhalation anaesthesia based on the use of modern simulation technologies. We compared the training programs and the results of traditional and simulation techniques, defined the concept of quasi physiology and propedeutics of robots and simulators, the role of clinical scenarios and reliability of robots of 6th level of realism in the formation of pathogenic environment for simulation training. In formulating the concept of pathogenetic simulation environment, we evaluated its impact on the motivation of the trainees of studied category. The study included 23 interns, divided approximately in half into 2 groups, the 1st of which at the preclinical stage of training was trained at the real operating theater gradually studying the technique of inhalation anaesthesia with an experienced curator The 2nd group studied the same anaesthesia in clinical scenarios of a simulator robot in a simulation operating theater Other components of the curriculum in the groups did not differ. According to the results of pre-clinical training interns started prforming an anaesthesia their self under the control of supervisor (i.e. to the clinical stage). In the 1st group, a supervisor made the verdict of readiness for clinical stage, and in the 2nd trainees were tested by the performing a robotic anaesthesia maintaining targeted qualitative and quantitative parameters. The evaluation was conducted according to the quality and stability criteria of five consecutive "independent" anaesthesia, where the highest scores were 100 points, confered by a supervisor. We found that for interns' admission to the clinical stage in the 1st group, it took significantly more educational anaesthesia than in 2nd group. It was also indirectly proved expectedly greater regularity and predictability of anesthesia simulation workshops. Based on the example of the clinical scenario of inhalation anesthesia we showed a possibility of formation of pathogenic simulation environment without excessive dramatization of studing environment, while maintaining the motivation of trainees. Thus, simulation training is more efficient than traditional schemes, in terms of providing the rational use of robotic systems of 6th level of realism.

Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries - volume 2.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. In many countries, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological data that are crucial in implementing disease control measures as new treatment options become available. Published literature, unpublished data and expert consensus were used to determine key parameters, including prevalence, viremia, genotype and the number of patients diagnosed and treated. In this study of 15 countries, viremic prevalence ranged from 0.13% in the Netherlands to 2.91% in Russia. The largest viremic populations were in India (8 666 000 cases) and Russia (4 162 000 cases). In most countries, males had a higher rate of infections, likely due to higher rates of injection drug use (IDU). Estimates characterizing the infected population are critical to focus screening and treatment efforts as new therapeutic options become available.

Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disease burden - volume 2.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic was forecasted through 2030 for 15 countries, and the relative impact of two scenarios was considered: (i) increased treatment efficacy while holding the treated population constant and (ii) increased treatment efficacy and increased annual treated population. Increasing levels of diagnosis and treatment, in combination with improved treatment efficacy, were critical for achieving substantial reductions in disease burden. In most countries, the annual treated population had to increase several fold to achieve the largest reductions in HCV-related morbidity and mortality. This suggests that increased capacity for screening and treatment will be critical in many countries. Birth cohort screening is a helpful tool for maximizing resources. In most of the studied countries, the majority of patients were born between 1945 and 1985.

The present and future disease burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections with today's treatment paradigm - volume 2.

Morbidity and mortality attributable to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are increasing in many countries as the infected population ages. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viremic population, as well as estimate the number of new infections and HCV related deaths from 2013 to 2030. Expert consensus was used to determine current treatment levels and outcomes in each country. In most countries, viremic prevalence has already peaked. In every country studied, prevalence begins to decline before 2030, when current treatment levels were held constant. In contrast, cases of advanced liver disease and liver related deaths will continue to increase through 2030 in most countries. The current treatment paradigm is inadequate if large reductions in HCV related morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.

[Abdominal sepsis and oxidative stress].

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress deserves special attention in the pathogenesis of sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 96 patients with abdominal sepsis caused by advanced suppurative peritonitis and destructive pancreatitis. All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the severity of sepsis. Level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined to evaluate the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Proteins oxidative modification was assessed according to level of sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups) and carbonyls in proteins. State of anti-oxidant system (AOS) was defined based on activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There was no relationship between severity of multiple organ failure, MDA concentration, SH-groups and anti-oxidant enzymes levels. At the same time positive correlation between severity of multiple organ failure and carbonyls content in proteins was revealed. CONCLUSION: In surgical patients sepsis develops on background of oxidative stress. Significant reduction of SH-groups in proteins by the moment of sepsis diagnosis is an unfavorable factor for outcome. The degree of multiple organ failure in patients with abdominal sepsis correlates with oxidative injury of proteinic structures.

[The wound and death of the Russian military commander P.I. Bagration. Part 2].

Medical care provided to P.I. Bagration wounded in the battle of Borodino is described on the day-to-day basis.

[A.S. Puchkov as an organizer of the Moscow station of emergency medical care].

The article is devoted to the 125th anniversary of outstanding Russian physician, health administrator, honored physician Aleksander Sergeyevitch Putchkov (1887-1952). During thirty years, from 1923, he continuously headed the Moscow station of emergency medical care based at the Sheremetoyevskiy hospital, nowadays the N.V. Sklifosofskiy research institute of emergency care.

[The clinical views of the humanist doctor F.P. Haas (the first quarter of the XIXth century). On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the publication of F.P. Haas' book "Ma visite aux Eaux d'Alexandre en 1809 et 1810" (M., 1811)].

This paper is devoted to the analysis of clinical principles of physician humanist F.P. Haas expounded in his book "Ma visite aux Eaux d'Alexandre en 1809 at 1810" by F.P. Haas (M., 1811). The translation of this book into the Russian language gave an idea of the clinical views of the medical profession in this country in the beginning of the XIXth century (before the Patriotic War of 1812) including relationship between doctors and their patients and medical ethics. Haas proposed a well-substantiated therapeutic strategy with the use of mineral waters taking into consideration residual assimilative capacity of the patient's organism.

[Physician humanist F.P. Gaaz as a researcher and organizer of spa-and-resort services in the Kavkazskie Mineral'nye Vody region].

This paper is devoted to the book "Ma visite aux Eaux d'Alexandre en 1809 et 1810" (M.: 1811) that celebrates the 200th anniversary of its publication. This work is an eloquent testimony that F.P. Gaaz should be by right considered as one of the pioneers of climatology, climatherapy, medical meteorology, and balneotherapy in this country. The available materials concerning the multifaceted activities of F.P Gaaz aimed at exploring and developing the region of Kavkazskie Mineral'nye Vody (Caucasian Mineral Waters) give reason to speak about him as an outstanding organizer of health resort business.