[Anatomical heterogeneity in the proteome of human subcutaneous adipose tissue]. / El proteoma del tejido adiposo subcutáneo muestra heterogeneidad anatómica.

BACKGROUND: Human subcutaneous (SQ) white adipose tissue (WAT) can vary according to its anatomical location, with subsequent differences in its proteomic profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: SQ-WAT aspirates were obtained from six overweight (BMI>25kg/m(2)) women who underwent extensive liposuction. SQ-WAT was removed from six different locations (upper abdominal, lower abdominal, thigh, back, flank, and hip), and the protein profiles were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition, the proteomic profiles of upper abdominal and hip SQ-WAT were subjected to further analysis, comparing samples obtained from two layers of WAT (deep and superficial). RESULTS: Twenty one protein spots showed differential intensities among the six defined anatomical locations, and 14 between the superficial and the deep layer. Among the proteins identified were, vimentin (structural protein), heat-shock proteins (HSPs), superoxide-dismutase (stress-resistance/chaperones), fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) 4, and alpha-enolase (lipid and carbohydrate metabolism), and ATP-synthase (energy production). Among the WAT samples analyzed, the back sub-depot showed significant differences in the levels of selected proteins when compared to the other locations, with lower level of expression of several proteins involved in energy production and metabolism (ATP-synthase, alpha-enolase, HSPs and FABP-4). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of several proteins in human SQ-WAT are not homogeneous between different WAT depots. These changes suggest the existence of inherent functional differences in subcutaneous fat depending upon its anatomical location. Thus, caution must be used when extrapolating data from one subcutaneous WAT region to other depots.

Alar rim raising.

The relationship of the alar rim to columella visibility and nostril proportion is crucial to a good aesthetic result. The alar rim has been a neglected part of the nose in primary and secondary rhinoplasty procedures for want of a natural contouring operation. Results of directly excising the alar rim and its indications are presented with adequate follow-up. Indications for the procedure include (1) recontouring of the cleft lip nose with anterior webbing, (2) equalizing asymmetrical nostrils, (3) enlarging small nostrils, (4) correcting a hanging (sigmoid) ala, and (5) converting round to oval nostrils.