ABSTRACT
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of neurologic disease in the context of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is recognized as a cause of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Central nervous system vasculitis secondary to CMV has only rarely been described in the context of HIV, despite the established ability of CMV to infect microvascular endothelial cells in the brain. However, we report a case that demonstrates the association between CMV and multiple small vessel cerebral infarct lesions after initiation of HAART.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Infarction/virology , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/complications , HIV Infections/complications , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/virology , Adult , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cerebral Infarction/physiopathology , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/drug therapy , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/physiopathology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Humans , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/virologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES AND GOAL: This study was designed to evaluate the extent to which pregnant women in a community with a high syphilis incidence were screened for syphilis according to standard recommendations of twice during prenatal care and at labor and delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Labor and delivery records from 4 hospitals in Miami-Dade County, Florida, were abstracted to obtain maternal and prenatal care characteristics and syphilis screening practices. RESULTS: Of the 1991 women, records indicated that 1655 (83%) were screened at least once during prenatal care, 220 (11%) were screened twice during prenatal care before delivery, and 184 (9%) were screened twice during prenatal care and at delivery. Attending a private clinic, having more than adequate prenatal care and having private insurance were associated with not being screened at least twice before delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Few women were screened according to standard recommendations, and provider or institutional-related factors affected adequacy of screening.
Subject(s)
Mass Screening/standards , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Prenatal Care/standards , Syphilis Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Syphilis/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Community Health Services/standards , Delivery, Obstetric , Female , Florida/epidemiology , Guideline Adherence , Humans , Incidence , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Maternal Health Services/standards , Medical Records , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Prenatal Care/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Syphilis/diagnosis , Syphilis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adherence to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' recommendations on postpartum rubella vaccination in hospitals with a high proportion of foreign-born Latina mothers, the highest risk group for congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS: In four large hospitals in Miami-Dade County, maternal medical records for births in 2001 were randomly selected. Using demographic information from birth certificates, vaccination information from medical records, and policy information from a hospital survey, postpartum rubella vaccination rates were characterized among women eligible for vaccination (non-immune and not screened) through univariate and multivariable analyses. Data collection was performed in 2002-2003 and the analysis was completed in 2004-2005. RESULTS: Among 1991 women, 1209 (61%) were foreign born. Overall, 410 (21%) were eligible for vaccination, and of these 44 (11%) were vaccinated. Vaccination rates were not associated with maternal race/ethnicity or the existence of institutional standing-order vaccination policies. A vaccination order was recorded for 59% (240/410), but even in the presence of an order, only 17% (31/240) of those women were vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite policies and standing orders to vaccinate, postpartum rubella vaccination rates were very low among all racial/ethnic subgroups in a sample of hospitals caring for high-risk, foreign-born women. These findings suggest that additional system-level interventions, such as comprehensive operational guidelines, must accompany standing orders to vaccinate rubella non-immune women postpartum.
Subject(s)
Postnatal Care , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Caribbean Region/ethnology , Emigration and Immigration , Female , Florida , Humans , Latin America/ethnology , Mass Screening , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology , Rubella/immunology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/ethnologyABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Vietnam was amplified by nosocomial spread within hospital A, but no transmission was reported in hospital B, the second of two designated SARS hospitals. Our study documents lack of SARS-associated coronavirus transmission to hospital B workers, despite variable infection control measures and the use of personal protective equipment.
