ABSTRACT
During digestive organogenesis, the primitive gut tube (PGT) undergoes dramatic elongation and forms a lumen lined by a single-layer of epithelium. In Xenopus, endoderm cells in the core of the PGT rearrange during gut elongation, but the morphogenetic mechanisms controlling their reorganization are undetermined. Here, we define the dynamic changes in endoderm cell shape, polarity, and tissue architecture that underlie Xenopus gut morphogenesis. Gut endoderm cells intercalate radially, between their anterior and posterior neighbors, transforming the nearly solid endoderm core into a single layer of epithelium while concomitantly eliciting "radially convergent" extension within the gut walls. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK/Myosin II activity prevents endoderm rearrangements and consequently perturbs both gut elongation and digestive epithelial morphogenesis. Our results suggest that the cellular and molecular events driving tissue elongation in the PGT are mechanistically analogous to those that function during gastrulation, but occur within a novel cylindrical geometry to generate an epithelial-lined tube.
Subject(s)
Endoderm/embryology , Gastrula/embryology , Morphogenesis/genetics , Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/physiology , rho-Associated Kinases/physiology , rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/physiology , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Body Patterning/genetics , Cell Polarity/genetics , Cell Shape/genetics , Embryo, Nonmammalian , Endoderm/cytology , Endoderm/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Diseases/congenital , Gastrointestinal Diseases/embryology , Gastrointestinal Tract/abnormalities , Gastrointestinal Tract/embryology , Gastrula/metabolism , Models, Biological , Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/genetics , Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism , Signal Transduction/genetics , Xenopus/embryology , Xenopus/genetics , Xenopus/metabolism , rho-Associated Kinases/genetics , rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism , rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics , rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
The generation of a 7.5x dog genome assembly provides exciting new opportunities to interpret tumor-associated chromosome aberrations at the biological level. We present a genomic microarray for array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis in the dog, comprising 275 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones spaced at intervals of approximately 10 Mb. Each clone has been positioned accurately within the genome assembly and assigned to a unique chromosome location by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, both individually and as chromosome-specific BAC pools. The microarray also contains clones representing the dog orthologues of 31 genes implicated in human cancers. FISH analysis of the 10-Mb BAC clone set indicated excellent coverage of each dog chromosome by the genome assembly. The order of clones was consistent with the assembly, but the cytogenetic intervals between clones were variable. We demonstrate the application of the BAC array for aCGH analysis to identify both whole and partial chromosome imbalances using a canine histiocytic sarcoma case. Using BAC clones selected from the array as probes, multicolor FISH analysis was used to further characterize these imbalances, revealing numerous structural chromosome rearrangements. We outline the value of a combined aCGH/FISH approach, together with a well-annotated dog genome assembly, in canine and comparative cancer studies.
