Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic , Retinal Perforations , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , Retinal Perforations/diagnosis , Retinal Perforations/etiology , COVID-19/complications , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/diagnosis , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/etiology , Retinal Vein , Eye Injuries/complications , Eye Injuries/diagnosis , Vitrectomy/methods , Vascular Malformations/diagnosis , Vascular Malformations/complications , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methodsSubject(s)
Diabetic Retinopathy , Macular Edema , Retinal Detachment , Retinal Perforations , Visual Acuity , Vitrectomy , Humans , Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Macular Edema/surgery , Macular Edema/etiology , Macular Edema/physiopathology , Macular Edema/diagnosis , Retinal Detachment/surgery , Retinal Detachment/diagnosis , Retinal Detachment/etiology , Retinal Detachment/physiopathology , Retinal Perforations/surgery , Retinal Perforations/diagnosis , Retinal Perforations/physiopathology , Visual Acuity/physiology , Vitrectomy/methodsSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetic Retinopathy , Macular Edema , Myopia, Degenerative , Scleritis , Humans , Macular Edema/diagnosis , Macular Edema/drug therapy , Macular Edema/etiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Myopia, Degenerative/complications , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Biomarkers , Decision MakingSubject(s)
Epiretinal Membrane , Retinal Perforations , Humans , Retinal Perforations/diagnosis , Retinal Perforations/etiology , Retinal Perforations/surgery , Vitreous Hemorrhage , Retina , Epiretinal Membrane/surgery , Lasers , Vitrectomy , Basement Membrane , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, Optical CoherenceSubject(s)
Eye Diseases , Nevus, Pigmented , Humans , Vitrectomy , Vitreous Body , Scleral Buckling , Nevus, Pigmented/surgerySubject(s)
Arteriovenous Malformations , Epiretinal Membrane , Retinal Perforations , Humans , Vitrectomy/methods , Retinal Perforations/diagnosis , Retinal Perforations/surgery , Epiretinal Membrane/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Basement Membrane/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, Optical CoherenceABSTRACT
One way to build chemical diversity into indoles is to oxidize them to indolyl radical cations (Indâ¢+). These intermediates can accept new functional groups across C2-C3 bonds or independently at C2. Less encountered is selective diversification at C3, a position plagued by competing dearomative side reactions. We disclose an aqueous photoredox-catalyzed method for transforming Indâ¢+ into C3-substituted tryptophan mimetics that uses water as a transient protecting group to guide site-selective C3 alkylation.
Subject(s)
Myopia , Retinal Detachment , Retinal Perforations , Humans , Retinal Perforations/diagnosis , Retinal Perforations/etiology , Retinal Perforations/surgery , Retinal Pigment Epithelium , Retinal Detachment/diagnosis , Retinal Detachment/etiology , Retinal Detachment/surgery , Fluorescein Angiography , Vitrectomy , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Myopia/complications , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To report a case of unilateral, sectoral retinal metastasis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) that mimicked cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: A 48-year-old woman presented with a four-week history of a visual field loss in her right eye. She had a past medical history of extensive-stage SCLC with brain metastasis, stable on maintenance atezolizumab for two years. On initial presentation, she was diagnosed with CMV retinitis. No improvement was observed with 4 weeks of oral valganciclovir. Upon referral for a second opinion, her fundus exam appeared compatible with CMV retinitis, and anterior chamber tap for polymerase chain reaction for viral etiologies was performed followed by intravitreal and intravenous ganciclovir without improvement. She was referred for a third opinion, where diagnostic vitrectomy with vitreous and retinal biopsies were consistent with SCLC metastatic to the retina. The patient underwent enucleation of the right eye for definitive pathologic analysis and subsequently was started on additional systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Retinal metastases are exceedingly rare, particularly retinal metastasis of SCLC. Retinal metastasis should be considered in patients initially diagnosed with viral retinitis who fail to improve despite antiviral therapy, particularly if they have a known history of malignancy. Furthermore, retinal metastasis of SCLC potentially could be misdiagnosed histopathologically as retinoblastoma if the patient's history is unknown and appropriate immunohistochemical stains are not performed.
Subject(s)
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm , Retinal Artery Occlusion , Retinal Artery , Uveitis , Vitreoretinal Surgery , Humans , Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm/complications , Retinal Hemorrhage , Retina , Retinal Artery Occlusion/complications , Retinal Artery Occlusion/diagnosis , Uveitis/complications , Fluorescein AngiographyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dimeric IgA to monomeric IgA ratio (dIgA ratio) is a biomarker of gut mucosal leakage in liver cirrhosis. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of a novel point-of-care (POC) dIgA ratio test for cirrhosis. METHODS: Plasma samples from people with chronic liver disease were analyzed using the BioPoint POC dIgA ratio antigen immunoassay lateral flow test. Cirrhosis was defined by Fibroscan>12.5 kPa, clinical evidence of cirrhosis or liver histopathology. POC dIgA test diagnostic accuracy was determined in a test cohort using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis; optimal cutoffs for sensitivity and specificity were then applied to a validation cohort. RESULTS: A total of 1478 plasma samples from 866 patients with chronic liver disease were included (test cohort n = 260, validation cohort n = 606). In all, 32% had cirrhosis; 44% Child-Pugh A, 26% Child-Pugh B, and 29% Child-Pugh C. Median POC dIgA ratio was higher in cirrhosis (0.9) compared with no cirrhosis (0.4, p < 0.001), and in Child-Pugh class B/C compared with A cirrhosis (1.4 Child-Pugh B/C vs. 0.6 Child-Pugh A, p < 0.001). POC dIgA ratio test had good diagnostic accuracy for liver cirrhosis in the test cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.80); a dIgA ratio cutoff of 0.6 had a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 86%. POC dIgA test accuracy was moderate in the validation cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.75; positive predictive value 64%, negative predictive value 83%). Using a dual cutoff approach, 79% of cirrhosis cases were correctly diagnosed and further testing was avoided in 57%. CONCLUSIONS: POC dIgA ratio test had moderate accuracy for cirrhosis. Further studies evaluating the accuracy of POC dIgA ratio testing for cirrhosis screening are warranted.
Subject(s)
Liver Cirrhosis , Polymers , Humans , Pilot Projects , Cohort Studies , Point-of-Care Testing , Immunoglobulin AABSTRACT
Electrochemical potentials of photocatalysts are solvent dependent. One of the largest discrepancies is observed when water is used in place of organic solvents as the reaction media. Unfortunately, the redox potentials for many photocatalysts in water have not been determined, at least under one unifying set of conditions, and this greatly hinders the rational design of sustainable and biocompatible photoredox reactions. Herein, we measure the spectral and electrochemical properties of the most common photoredox catalysts in water and catalog their absorption and fluorescence maxima and ground- and excited-state potentials.