Quantification of Blood Loss Improves Detection of Postpartum Hemorrhage and Accuracy of Postpartum Hemorrhage Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective To evaluate the ability of estimated blood loss (EBL) and quantitative blood loss (QBL) to predict the need for blood transfusion in postpartum patients. Methods This is a retrospective observational study involving all deliveries one year before and after the change from EBL to QBL assessment in June 2017. Blood loss, need for blood transfusion, admission hematocrit, and postpartum nadir hematocrit were collected. Descriptive and bivariable analyses were performed. Receiver operator curves were compared. Results Overall, the baseline characteristics between the EBL (n=2743) and QBL (n=2,712) groups were similar. Although there was a higher rate of blood loss ≥ 1,000 mL in QBL vs EBL (6.5% vs 2.1%, P<0.001), there was no difference in the rate of blood transfusions (2.0% vs 2.0%, P=1). Among cesarean deliveries, QBL outperformed EBL for predicting blood transfusion and/or ≥10 point drop in hematocrit (AUC 0.75 vs 0.66, P=0.02). QBL also outperformed EBL for predicting transfusion after vaginal delivery (AUC 0.93 vs 0.81, P=0.03).  Conclusion QBL is a more sensitive test for detecting clinically significant blood loss, which could lead to earlier recognition of hemorrhage and interventions.

In-situ Interprofessional Perinatal Drills: The Impact of a Structured Debrief on Maximizing Training While Sensing Patient Safety Threats.

Introduction In-situ interprofessional emergency team training improves participants' with confidence and knowledge and identifies latent safety threats. This study examined the impact of a structured debrief on an interprofessional perinatal team's ability to identify latent safety threats and assess competency in managing perinatal emergencies. It was hypothesized that latent safety threats would be reduced and checklist compliance would increase during subsequent in-situ perinatal team training. Methods Two in-situ training sessions were held six months apart. The perinatal emergency response team provided care for a standardized patient with preterm twin gestation. Each session included off-ward delivery and resuscitation of the first infant, transportation to appropriate inpatient units, cesarean delivery, and resuscitation of the second twin. Postpartum hemorrhage ensued, requiring massive transfusion protocol activation. Medical experts assessed team performance with critical action checklists. A structured debrief identified latent safety threats, developed action plans, and reviewed checklist compliance. Checklist compliance rates were analyzed using a z-ratio test. Results The first training session: seven teams (75 staff) completed 75% (292/391) critical action checklist items and identified 34 latent safety threats. Second training session: four teams (45 staff) completed 89% (94/106) critical action checklist items. Ten latent safety threats were mitigated during the second session. Utilizing a z-ratio, a significant difference was detected between the overall checklist compliance rates of the two sessions, z = -3.069, p = .002. Post-hoc power calculation was <10%. Conclusions In-situ interprofessional perinatal emergency team training is feasible, identifies latent patient safety threats, and may improve team competency.

Multimodal Stepwise Approach to Reducing In-Hospital Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of a standardized, structured approach to in-hospital postcesarean delivery pain management with maternal opioid use after cesarean delivery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent cesarean delivery before and after a quality improvement intervention at a single tertiary care center. A multidisciplinary task force revised electronic order sets for all patients who underwent cesarean delivery with neuraxial anesthesia. The revised order set separated acetaminophen from opioids, scheduled acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug administration, and limited opioid use to breakthrough pain. Data were collected by electronic chart review. The primary outcome was median morphine milligram equivalents per hospital stay. Secondary outcomes included median morphine milligram equivalents per day, median pain scores, time to discharge, and opioid-nonopioid pain medication use. Descriptive and bivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics in the preintervention (n=283) and postintervention (n=286) groups. There was a 75% reduction in median morphine milligram equivalents per stay from 120 (90-176 interquartile range) preintervention to 30 (5-68) postintervention (P<.001) and a 77% reduction in median morphine milligram equivalents per day (51 [41-60] vs 12 [2-25], P<.001). There was no difference between groups in time to discharge or median pain scores. There was no difference in ketorolac use (80% preintervention vs 75% postintervention, P=.14) or in median ibuprofen mg per day (1,391 preintervention vs 1,347 postintervention, P=.22). There was an increase in median acetaminophen mg per day (753 preintervention vs 2,340 postintervention, P<.001). There was a significant increase in patients who used no opioids during their hospital stay (6% preintervention vs 19% postintervention, P<.001). CONCLUSION: A multimodal stepwise approach to postcesarean delivery pain control was associated with markedly reduced opioid consumption without increasing hospital stay or median pain scores. By separating acetaminophen from opioids and limiting opioids to breakthrough pain, we were able to operationalize a tier-based approach to pain management.

Obstetric Hemorrhage Outcomes by Intrapartum Risk Stratification at a Single Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Performance of a postpartum hemorrhage risk assessment prior to delivery has been recommended to identify patients at higher risk for hemorrhage to support advanced planning for optimal response. The objective of this quality improvement initiative is to evaluate the transfusion and hemorrhage rates for patients at low, moderate, and high risk for postpartum hemorrhage by utilizing standardized risk assessment. Methods and materials A historic cohort study was performed among women delivering from March 2017 to June 2018 at a single United States military tertiary medical center. A postpartum hemorrhage risk assessment was performed utilizing the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative toolkit for all patients admitted to Labor and Delivery and when the postpartum hemorrhage risk increased during the intrapartum period. An electronic log was reviewed to determine blood loss volume, change in hematocrit, and transfusion rates in patients at low, moderate, and high risk for postpartum hemorrhage for all deliveries, stratified by delivery type. Results There were 3,377 deliveries during the study period with 145 excluded due to lack of assigned risk category. The high-risk group (12.3% of deliveries) was 4.3 times more likely to receive a blood transfusion, 2.9 times more likely to have a blood loss over 1000 mL, and 2.1 times more likely to have a transfusion or hematocrit drop of 10 points when compared with the low-risk group (69.4% of deliveries). Of those transfused, the majority were classified as low risk as this was the most common assignment. Conclusion Risk stratification can differentiate low from high-risk patients for postpartum hemorrhage and associated transfusion or change in hematocrit. However, the majority of patients who receive a transfusion will be classified as low or moderate risk. Thus, all patients should be monitored closely and treated aggressively to prevent morbidity.