Research progress of the protective mechanism of anthocyanins against arsenic-induced health hazardss / 中华地方病学杂志

Arsenic exists widely in nature. Long-term arsenic exposure is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases related to nervous system, digestive system, urinary system, cardiovascular system and other related diseases, which seriously threatens human health. Anthocyanins belong to flavonoids, which have the characteristics of antioxidant properties, and have the functions of protecting liver, improving memory, improving immunity, and protecting nervous system, digestive system, urinary system, cardiovascular system, etc. In this paper, the research status of arsenic-induced health hazards and the protective mechanism of anthocyanins on health hazards in recent years is summarized, in order to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning injury.

Radiological classification of meningiomas with hemorrhagic onset and its clinical significance.

Meningiomas are the most common benign intracranial tumors and frequently present with a gradual onset of neurological deficits; conversely, their acute presentation with hemorrhagic onset appears to be a rare event. Nonetheless, as early surgical evacuation is the foundation of treatment, a timely diagnosis of this rare type of intracranial hemorrhage is necessary. The purpose of the present single-center study was to investigate the radiological characteristics and propose a new bleeding classification for guiding the diagnosis and treatment. A total of 19 patients consecutively diagnosed with hemorrhagic meningioma were enrolled in this retrospective study. Intracranial extra-axial mass, tumor-associated hemorrhage and peritumoral brain edema were the three main radiological features of the hemorrhagic meningiomas. The site of tumor-associated hemorrhage included the peritumoral space, subarachnoid space, subdural space, brain parenchyma and/or intratumor region. Based on the anatomical relationship between meningioma and hematoma, the spontaneous hemorrhage stemming from meningiomas was further summarized into three bleeding patterns involving purely intratumoral hemorrhage (type I), purely extratumoral hemorrhage (type II) and combined intra/extratumoral hemorrhage (type III); furthermore, the type III hemorrhage usually came from type I bleeding that extended into the surrounding regions. The symptoms in type I patients were generally mild and early surgery was performed following adequate preoperative evaluations. The symptoms in type II patients were mild in certain cases and moderate to severe in others, so early or emergency surgery was chosen according to the clinical status of the patient. Almost all type III patients had moderate to severe symptoms and these patients usually required emergency surgery. In addition, patients with different bleeding types may have different pathological mechanisms underlying the tumor bleeding. Apart from being convenient for diagnosis, this concise and practical bleeding classification may aid in the selection of the treatment strategy and facilitate the understanding of the associated mechanisms.

Co-amorphous technology to improve dissolution and physical stability of silybin / 中国中药杂志

The present study explored the effect of co-amorphous technology in improving the dissolution rate and stability of silybin based on the puerarin-silybin co-amorphous system prepared by the spray-drying method. Solid-state characterization was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), polarizing microscopy(PLM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), etc. Saturated powder dissolution, intrinsic dissolution rate, moisture absorption, and stability were further investigated. The results showed that puerarin and silybin formed a co-amorphous system at a single glass transition temperature which was higher than that of any crude drug. The intrinsic dissolution rate and supersaturated powder dissolution of silybin in the co-amorphous system were higher than those of the crude drug and amorphous system. The co-amorphous system kept stable for as long as three months under the condition of 40 ℃, 75% relative humidity, which was longer than that of the single amorphous silybin. Therefore, the co-amorphous technology could significantly improve the dissolution and stability of silybin.

SNX20 Expression Correlates with Immune Cell Infiltration and Can Predict Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sorting nexin-20 (SNX20) is a member of the sorting nexin family of proteins. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of innate immunity. However, the prognostic risk, potential mechanisms, immunotherapy, and other functions of SNX20 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. METHODS: We analyzed and validated the expression and prognostic role of SNX20 in LUAD through a combination of The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, Oncomine, TIMER, and Human Protein Atlas databases. Further, we analyzed the correlation between SNX20 expression and clinical characteristics of LUAD, and the prognostic value of SNX20 in LUAD was evaluated. Using fitted SNX20 expression and other clinical parameters, a predictive model with predictive performance for the overall survival of patients with LUAD was constructed. The potential biological function of SNX20 in LUAD was explored using gene set enrichment analysis. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between SNX20 expression and the immune microenvironment and survival. RESULTS: SNX20 was downregulated in most cancer types, was associated with poor prognosis in LUAD and could be an independent prognostic factor for patients with LUAD. The predictive model developed by us had good predictive power for determining the overall survival of patients with LUAD. Biofunctional analysis revealed that genes co-expressed with SNX20 mainly promoted the immune process and inhibited the cell proliferation process in LUAD. We observed that high expression of SNX20 was accompanied by a better immune microenvironment and survival in patients with LUAD. Furthermore, the LUAD immune response was elevated with an increase in SNX20 expression. Finally, we found that SNX20 expression was significantly associated with various tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and it was widely involved in regulating various immune molecules in LUAD and affecting immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that SNX20 is a potential immune-related biomarker and therapeutic target associated with the prognosis of patients with LUAD. This provided a new strategy for the development of immunotherapeutic and prognostic markers in LUAD.

LncRNA LPAL2/miR-1287-5p/EGFR Axis Modulates TED-Derived Orbital Fibroblast Activation Through Cell Adhesion Factors.

CONTEXT: The activation of orbital fibroblasts, the prime targets in thyroid eye disease (TED), is central to its underlying pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the mechanism of TED orbital fibroblast activation from the perspective of noncoding RNA regulation. METHODS: Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was applied to evaluate the fibrotic changes in target cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 5-ethoxy 2-deoxyuridine and colony-formation assays. Collagen I concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human microarray analysis was performed on 3 TED and 3 healthy control orbital tissue samples. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis showed that cell adhesion signaling factors were differentially expressed in TED tissues, including intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, ICAM-4, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and CD44, which were all upregulated in diseased orbital tissues. Long noncoding RNA LPAL2 level was also upregulated in orbital tissues and positively correlated with ICAM-1 and ICAM-4 expression. Stimulation of the TED orbital fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) significantly increased the expression of ICAM-1, ICAM-4, and LPAL2. Knockdown of LPAL2 in orbital fibroblasts inhibited TGF-ß1-induced increases in cell adhesion factor levels and orbital fibroblast activation. Microarray profiling was performed on TED and normal orbital tissues to identify differentially expressed microRNAs, and miR-1287-5p was remarkably reduced within diseased orbital samples. miR-1287-5p was directly bound to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 3' untranslated region and LPAL2, and LPAL2 modulated EGFR/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling through targeting miR-1287-5p. CONCLUSION: The LPAL2/miR-1287-5p axis modulated TGF-ß1-induced increases in cell adhesion factor levels and TED orbital fibroblast activation through EGFR/AKT signaling.

Hemorrhagic abdominal pseudocyst following ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pseudocyst is an uncommon but important complication of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. While individual articles have reported many cases of abdominal CSF pseudocyst following VP shunts, no case of a hemorrhagic abdominal pseudocyst after VP shunts has been reported so far. CASE PRESENTATION: This article reports a 68-year-old woman with a 4-month history of progressive abdominal pain and distention. She denied any additional symptoms. A VP shunt was performed 15 years earlier to treat idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and no other abdominal surgery was performed. Physical examination revealed an elastic palpable mass in her right lower abdomen, which was dull to percussion. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan indicated a large cystic collection of homogenous iso-density fluid in the right lower abdominal region with clear margins. The distal segment of the peritoneal shunt catheter was located within the cystic mass. Abdominal CSF pseudocyst was highly suspected as a diagnosis. Laparoscopic cyst drainage with removal of the whole cystic mass was performed, 15-cm cyst which found with thick walls and organized chronic hematic content. No responsible vessel for the cyst hemorrhage was identified. No further shunt revision was placed. Histological examination showed that the cyst wall consisted of outer fibrous tissue and inner granulation tissue without epithelial lining, and the cystic content was chronic hematoma. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and remained asymptomatic for 8-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of hemorrhagic onset in the abdominal pseudocyst following VP shunt. Such special condition can accelerate the appearance of clinical signs of the abdominal pseudocyst after VP shunts, and its mechanisms may be similar to the evolution of subdural effusion into chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH).

Effects of HPMCAS MF on absorption of silybin from supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the effects of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate(HPMCAS MF) on absorption of silybin(SLB) from supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system which was pre-prepared at the early stage experiment. The cell toxicity of self-emulsifying preparation was evaluated by the MTT method, and the in vitro membrane permeability and absorption promoting effect of the self-emulsifying preparation were evaluated by establishing a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The in vivo and in vitro supersaturation correlation was evaluated via the blood concentration of SLB. The results of MTT showed that the concentration of the preparation below 2 mg·mL~(-1)(C_(SLB) 100 μg·mL~(-1)) was not toxic to Caco-2 cells, and the addition of polymer had no significant effect on Caco-2 cells viability. As compared with the solution group, the transport results showed that the P_(app)(AP→BL) of the self-emulsifying preparation had a very significant increase; the transport rate of silybin can be reduced by polymer in 0-30 min; however, there was no difference in supersaturated transport between supersaturated SLB self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system(SLB-SSNEDDS) and SLB self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system(SLB-SNEDDS) within 2 hours. As compared with SLB suspension, pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the blood concentration of both SLB-SNEDDS and SLB-SSNEDDS groups were significantly increased, and C_(max) was 5.25 times and 9.69 times respectively of that in SLB suspension group, with a relative bioavailability of 578.45% and 1 139.44% respectively. C_(max) and relative bioavailability of SLB-SSNEDDS were 1.85 times and 197% of those of SLB-SNEDDS, respectively. Therefore, on the one hand, SSNEDDS can increase the solubility of SLB in gastrointestinal tract by maintaining stability of SLB supersaturation state; on the other hand, the osmotic transport process of SLB was regulated through the composition of its preparations, and both of them could jointly promote the transport and absorption of SLB to improve the oral bioavailability of SLB.

Study on preparation extraction process of Linggui Zhugan Decoction / 中国中药杂志

To verify the appropriate preparation process of extracts for the solid substance benchmark of Linggui Zhugan Decoction. The extracts were prepared by different preparation processes, namely the traditional process(process 1), the extract combined with volatile oil separated from traditional process extract liquid(process 2), the modern secondary reflux extraction process(process 3) and the process that volatile oil was extracted first, then prepared according to the traditional process, and combined with extract(process 4); based on the characteristic spectrum, index components of cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, ammonium glycyrrhizinate, cinnamic acid, and the dry extract rate of process 1, the differences and similarities of four extracts were compared. The results showed that the similarity of the characteristic spectrum of process 2, process 4 and process 1 were all greater than 0.97, while there was no significant difference for the content of 4 quality control components and dry extract rate; the similarity of the characteristic spectrum of process 3 and process 1 was 0.91, the absolute peak area of 13 out of 21 peaks and the relative peak area of 7 peaks increased significantly, and the content of 3 out of 4 quality control components and dry extract rate also significantly increased. In conclusion, the material standards of extracts by the process 2 and 4 are consistent with that of the traditional process, so the two processes are suitable.

Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in China: lessons from the past three decades / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world most complex co-circulating HIV-1 subtypes, even the prevalence is still low. In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection, China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing, which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection. China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2003, which covered >80% of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%. To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic, China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission, narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases, and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.

Effects of microRNA-4286 on the growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 by regulating inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA-4286 (miRNA-4286) on the growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 by regulating inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I (INPP4A). Methods HGC-27 cells were divided into blank control group, negative control group and intervention group. The blank control group received no treatment, negative control group was transfected with pEGFP-Nl plasmid, and intervention group was transfected with pEGFP-Nl-miRNA-4286 plasmid. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of miRNA-4286 in HGC-27 cells, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of INPP4A protein in HGC-27 cells. The proliferation rate, invasion ability and migration ability of HGC-27 cells were detected by cholecystokinin octapeptide, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), Transwell chamber assay and scratch test, respectively. Results The miRNA-4286 expression level, proliferation rate, and number of transmembrane cells in intervention group were significantly higher than those in blank control group and negative control group (P0.05). Conclusion miRNA-4286 may promote the growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 by down- regulating the expression of INPP4A.

Preparation and characterization of waterborne alkyd-amino baking coatings based on waste polyethylene terephthalate.

The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most attractive method for PET waste management because it not only decreases the load on landfill space, but also provides opportunities for reducing the use of raw petrochemical products. Therefore, in this investigation, neopentyl glycol is used for alcoholysis of waste PET, and glycolyzed PET product was applied for preparation of the waterborne alkyd resin. Furthermore, the waterborne alkyd-amino baking coatings were prepared from the waterborne alkyd based on glycolyzed waste PET and melamine formaldehyde resin and applied on tinplate. The waterborne alkyd-amino resin films showed excellent adhesion, balanced hardness and flexibility, high gloss and outstanding chemical resistance except for alkali resistance owing to hydrolysis of ester bonds.

Effect of Mixed Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal on Growth and Chemical Composition of Aucklandia lappa Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the synergistic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi mixed inoculation on the growth，physiological and biochemical characteristics，root biomass and terpenoid component accumulation of Aucklandia lappa seedlings，so as to provide a reference for the combination and application of the dominant complementary effect mycorrhizal fungi. Method:The effect of different AM fungi combined with inoculation on the root mycorrhizal infection rate，plant growth，physiological and biochemical characteristics，root biomass，costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone of A. lappa seedlings were determined by pot inoculation at room temperature. Result:It was found that AM fungi could form good mycorrhizal symbiosis with the roots of A. lappa.The formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis system could increase the chlorophyll content of A. lappa leaves，increase the activities of catalase（CAT），peroxidase （POD），superoxide dismutase （SOD），reduce the content of malondialdehyde（MDA），and promote photosynthesis of A. lappa. Compared with CK group，AM fungus treatment could significantly promote the accumulation of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone，and the accumulation of its metabolites，costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone，into roots during the symbiotic cultivation of A. lappa seedlings，indirectly improving the quality of medicines and yield of alantolactone. Conclusion:Inoculation of AM fungi can improve the root mycorrhizal viability，increase the absorption of nutrients and promote the growth of woody incense.The mixed inoculation treatment of S2，S4 and S5 had the best mycorrhizal effect in artificial cultivation，and the growth and medicinal quality of A. lappa were the best，which provided technical support for the application and popularization of A. lappa mycorrhizal biotechnology.

Effect of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Combinations and Inoculation Periods on Rhizosphere Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Quantity of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi combinations on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantity in the seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis at different inoculation periods，so as to lay a foundation for cultivating high-quality P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Method:The spore density，infection rate，nutrient and enzyme activity in the soil around the roots of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings under different AM fungi combinations and different inoculation periods were analyzed by the greenhouse pot inoculation trials and soil agrochemical analysis methods. Result:The infection rate of different AM fungi treatment groups was more than 80% in different inoculation periods，and the spore density was higher than control （CK） group in some periods. It reflected that the relationship between AM fungi and roots of Paris polyphylla seedlings was favorable. The content of nitrogen in the soil decreased，but the content of available P，available K and soil pH increased. The soil nutrients in the cultivar one-year seedlings and wild seedlings were higher. The total number of soil microorganisms showed that bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. The cultivar two-year seedlings with AM fungi combinations of S3，S5 and S8 had better soil structure and higher biomass carbon content. The growth rates of phosphatase and protease activity were higher in the soil，but catalase activity was lowest. In the treatment groups S2，S3，S4，S5 and S6，the soil enzyme activities of the wild seedlings and one-year-old seedlings were best. Conclusion:Different AM fungal treatment groups and different inoculation periods had certain effects on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantity in the seedlings of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis， which provided a technical basis for the cultivation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Effect of Different Exogenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Combinations on Rhizosphere Soil Environment of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi combinations on the rhizospheric environment of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Method:The different combinations of 12 arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi species were inoculated to the seedlings P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis planted in the sterilized soil under the condition of room temperature to investigate their infection abilities and effects on the root activity，soil nutrient contents，enzyme activities and microbial community structure of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizospheric environment. Result:The inoculation of exogenous AM fungi can regulate the spore densities and infection rate of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis rhizosphere AM to improve the root activity， the exogenous AM fungi can also regulate the nutrient contents in the rhizosphere soil，increase the contents of total glomalin and easily extracted glomalin，increase the abilities of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis to absorb the available N，P and K，and increase the enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil， improve the microbial community structure， and improve the rhizospheric environment of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis by increasing the bacteria/fungi and bacteria/actinomycetes quantity ratios and reducing the fungi/actinomycetes quantity ratio. Conclusion:Different AM fungal treatment groups had certain effects on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of the rhizosphere soil of P.polyphylla var. yunnanensis，which provided a technical basis for the cultivation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Effect of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Nutrients in Rhizosphere Soil of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To clarify the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on the rhizosphere soil nutrient content，AM fungi infection rate and total rhizome saponins content of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis under symbiosis culture. Method:The changes in the root AM fungi infection rate，rhizosphere soil nutrient content，total rhizome saponins content of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and the relationship of the rhizosphere soil factors，the infection rate and the total rhizome saponins content after AM fungi inoculation were analyzed by the method of combining room temperature pot inoculation and data analysis. Result:As compared with the CK group，the root AM fungi infection rate of the AM inoculation group was significantly enhanced （P<0.05），the content of easily extractable glomalin，total glomalin，and total nitrogen increased significantly，while available potassium content and pH significantly decreased. After inoculation with AM fungi，the contents of total phosphorus，available phosphorus，available nitrogen，ammonium nitrogen，nitrate nitrogen，available potassium，and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis showed significant differences as compared with the CK group. The soil nutrient status was improved，and the total saponin content in the rhizome of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis was increased. Conclusion:Inoculation with AM fungi can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient status of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis，promote the nutrient transformation in the rhizosphere soil，promote the growth of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis，and improve the quality of medicinal herbs.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on Physical and Chemical Properties of Rhizosphere Soil of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the infection rate of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis at different periods，the changes of mineral nutrients in rhizosphere soil and the correlation among the factors under different arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi conditions. Method:28 kinds of AM fungi were inoculated into the seedlings of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis by single factor pot experiment. The samples were collected in August （fruit ripening period） and November （senescence period） to analyze the infection rate and the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil. Result:The mycorrhizal infection rate of each treatment group was 75%-100% in the fruit ripening period and senescence period. The contents of easily extracted glomalin and total glomalin in rhizosphere soil increased to different degrees in these two periods as compared with CK group， the pH of rhizosphere soil in the two treatment groups showed an increasing trend， the content of organic matter in rhizosphere soil decreased significantly in the fruit ripening period in all the treatment groups，and the organic matter in rhizosphere soil in the senescence period showed no significant differences. The total N and K contents in rhizosphere soil decreased in both periods， and the other physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil increased or decreased without significant change regularity. Correlation analysis showed that the infection rate was correlated with the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil to a certain degree. Conclusion:Inoculation of AM fungi can affect the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis to some extent，and provide reference value for the application of AM fungi in the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine.

Formulation optimization of andrographolide self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system and effect of precipitation inhibitor on its phase behavior / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effect of HPMC, PVP k30 and PEG 4000 on the phase behavior of andrographolide self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (AG-SNEDDS) dispersed in Fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF). Methods: The preparation technology of andrographolide AG-SNEDDS was optimized by central composite design. The effect of three types of precipitation inhibitors (PVP-k30, HPMC, PEG 4000) on the supersaturation behavior of AG-SNEDDS dispersed in FaSSIF was investigated with the degree of supersaturation as an evaluation index. The precipitated phase was evaluated by polarized light microscopy (PLM). Results: The results showed that the best prescription of AG-SNEDDS was Capryol 90-Cremophor EL:Tween-20 (1:1)-Transcutol HP (12.9:40.5:46.6). The self-microemulsion was uniform, the drug loading was (6.93 ± 0.04) mg/g. The emulsification time was (22.33 ± 0.33) s, the average particle size was (14.25 ± 0.65) nm. HPMC and PEG 4000 can maintain the supersaturation of AG-SNEDDS after being dispersed in FaSSIF, and the effect was positively correlated with their concentration. As for PVP k30, it reduced the degree of supersaturation at a low concentration, but can maintain supersaturation at medium and high concentration. Using any of the three precipitation inhibitors can reduce the particle size of the precipitated particles. Conclusion: Precipitation inhibitors can maintain the supersaturation of AG when disperse AG-SNEDDS in FaSSIF. The ability to maintain supersaturation varies with the types and concentration of precipitation inhibitor.

Effect of precipitation inhibitors on pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of dl-tetrahydropalmatine / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effect of three types of precipitation inhibitors (PPI) HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG and Soluplus on the pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP) at oral clinical doses. Methods: dl-THP pH solubility phase diagram and desaturation curve during pH-shift were drawn, and the solubility phase diagram was used to support dl-THP phase behavior. Area under the concentration-time curve and supersaturation ratio were used to analyze the effect of PPI on the phase behavior of dl-THP; Polarized light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the precipitation properties. Results: Under the clinical dosage, the maximum supersaturation of dl-THP during the pH-shift was 3.93, and the supersaturation was lost over time; HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG, and Soluplus could all maintain the supersaturation within 180 minutes during the pH-shift dissolution. HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG, and Soluplus maintained supersaturation levels of 1.19, 1.89 and 1.36 respectively at a concentration of 5%, 1.30, 2.35 and 1.86 at a concentration of 20%, and 1.30, 2.60 and 2.07 at a concentration of 50%. Polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry results showed that crystalline precipitation occurred. Conclusion: All precipitation inhibitors can improve the pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of tetrahydropalmatine, and this improvement behavior varies with the type and concentration of precipitation inhibitors. HPMC AS MG has the best effect.

Medical English teaching design based on Production-oriented Approach:An example in educating graduate students / 上海预防医学

Living with internationalization, it becomes increasingly important to develop the ability of acquiring knowledge from and publishing professional articles international medical journals.However, current English teaching in colleges is predominantly by cramming method and without clear aims.As a result, students make little learning progress.Production-oriented Approach, proposed by Professor Qiufang Wen, is an important theory to reform the modern English Teaching.Based on this theory, we designed and performed the course of Medical English Writing and Literature Reading for graduate students.For the aim of literature writing, we matched the teaching content with the pertinent language ability to achieve the goal.The process of teaching was initiated with output, followed by input, then tested by another output.As a result, students′ writing was improved effectively in correctness and in awareness of the rules.In addition, their ability to comprehend difficult and long sentences was also found to be improved.We believe Production-oriented Approach conforms to the requirements of English Teaching in college and can contribute to the teaching goal.