Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Lithium Carbonate/pharmacology , Suicidal Ideation , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Child , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Lithium Carbonate/administration & dosage , RiskABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Depressive and manic episodes of bipolar disorder can interact with sleep complaints, followed by a worsened psychiatric condition. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of sleep disorders with bipolar disorder in youths during depressive and manic episodes. METHODS: The target population was children and adolescents drawn from the Children and Adolescents Affective Disorder Program. Clinical assessment for current psychiatric diagnosis was done by direct clinical interview, Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DSM-IV), and best-estimated clinical consensus. We applied sleep questionnaires from which we obtained sleep and daytime complaints during manic and depressive episodes. All statistical tests of significance were done using 2-tailed tests with α = 0.05. RESULTS: Participants in this study comprised 29 children (age = 10 ± 3 years, boys = 23) and 43 adolescents (age = 15 ± 2.4 years, boys = 30). Sleep complaints were observed in 66.4% of participants during manic episodes and 52.3% during depressive episodes. 37.9% of patients had sleep complaints in both episodes. Time in bed was longer during depressive episodes than manic episodes (p = 0.01). We found a high prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in depressive episodes in children and adolescents, which was statistically significant compared with manic episodes (p < 0.05). Unrested sleep was higher in adolescents in both episodes, and it was statistically significant during manic episodes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our analyses, the minority of patients had sleep complaints in both episodes. Our data showed that nocturnal enuresis occurred more frequently during depressive than manic episodes. Further research is necessary to understand the implications of these data.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in childhood/adolescence is of 10-15%.The most frequent causes of psychiatric emergence attendances in this age are: behavioral disturbances, suicidal behavior, and depression.The objective of this study is to present the most relevant clinical issues and to guide the initial procedures of psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence. METHOD: Non-systematic review. RESULTS: Relevant clinical issues for psychiatric emergency evaluation of children/adolescents are presented. Clinical presentations are divided in relevant groups of symptoms, due to its frequency and to its impact to patients and their families. Therefore, the following syndromes are presented: aggressive behavior, intoxication, suicidal behavior, psychoses, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, maltreatment against children/adolescents. The initial procedures recommended for each of these conditions are described. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence can be the re-agudization or a first crisis of a psychiatric disorder. The emergency evaluation's objectives are: to identify the diagnosis, the risks for the child/adolescent, the triggering and maintaining factors, and the presence of familiar and social support.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Adolescent , Child , Child Psychiatry , Emergency Services, Psychiatric , Humans , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy , Psychology, AdolescentABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: A prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos na infância/adolescência é de 10-15 por cento. As causas mais frequentes de atendimentos psiquiátricos emergenciais nesta faixa etária são: alterações de comportamento sem diagnóstico estabelecido, comportamento suicida e depressão. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar os principais aspectos clínicos e orientar a conduta inicial das emergências psiquiátricas na infância/adolescência. MÉTODO: Artigo de revisão não-sistemática. RESULTADOS: São apresentados aspectos clínicos relevantes para a avaliação psiquiátrica emergencial de crianças/adolescentes. As apresentações clínicas são divididas em grupos de sintomas relevantes, tanto por sua frequência, quanto pelo impacto para o paciente e sua família. Assim, são apresentadas as seguintes síndromes clínicas: comportamento agressivo, intoxicações, comportamento suicida, psicoses, transtornos ansiosos, transtornos alimentares e maus-tratos contra a crianças/adolescente. É descrita a conduta inicial recomendada para cada uma destas condições. CONCLUSÃO: Emergências psiquiátricas na infância/adolescência podem ser a reagudização ou a primeira manifestação de um transtorno psiquiátrico. A avaliação emergencial tem como objetivo identificar o diagnóstico, os riscos para a criança/adolescente, os fatores desencadeantes e mantenedores, e a presença de suporte familiar e social.
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in childhood/adolescence is of 10-15 percent.The most frequent causes of psychiatric emergence attendances in this age are: behavioral disturbances, suicidal behavior, and depression.The objective of this study is to present themost relevant clinical issues and to guide the initial procedures of psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence. METHOD: Non-systematic review. RESULTS: Relevant clinical issues for psychiatric emergency evaluation of children/adolescents are presented. Clinical presentations are divided in relevant groups of symptoms, due to its frequency and to its impact to patients and their families. Therefore, the following syndromes are presented: aggressive behavior, intoxication, suicidal behavior, psychoses, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, maltreatment against children/adolescents. The initial procedures recommended for each of these conditions are described. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence can be the re-agudization or a first crisis of a psychiatric disorder. The emergency evaluation's objectives are: to identify the diagnosis, the risks for the child/adolescent, the triggering and maintaining factors, and the presence of familiar and social support.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Psychology, Adolescent , Child Psychiatry , Emergency Services, Psychiatric , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapySubject(s)
Child , Humans , Male , Bipolar Disorder/complications , Tourette Syndrome/complications , Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Risperidone/therapeutic use , Tourette Syndrome/drug therapy , Valproic Acid/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/complications , Tourette Syndrome/complications , Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Child , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Male , Risperidone/therapeutic use , Tourette Syndrome/drug therapy , Valproic Acid/therapeutic useABSTRACT
O transtorno do humor bipolar de início na infância e adolescência tornou-se um grande desafio aos profissionais que atendem a essa população, bem como a quem se dedica a estudá-la com mais profundidade. Primeiramente, isso se deve à dificuldade em se fechar o diagnóstico clínico e também em se estabelecer uma terapêutica medicamentosa eficaz, segura e permanente. Diferenças no padrão de ciclagem, predominância de fases mistas, gravidade das crises e a necessidade de se utilizar associações farmacológicas tornam o tratamento do transtorno bipolar de início precoce bastante complexo, exigindo uma gama maior de possibilidades terapêuticas. O caso apresentado relata a experiência com o uso da quetiapina em um paciente com o diagnóstico clínico de transtorno do humor bipolar de início na infância e adolescência, que começou aos 12 anos, e cuja resposta aos diferentes esquemas se mostrou insatisfatória. O uso da quetiapina mostrou-se eficaz no controle da crise e na estabilização do humor neste caso.
Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents has become a great challenge for professionals who work with this type of patients, as well as for researchers interested in studying it in depth. Firstly, diagnostic assessment is difficult; secondly, to establish a safe, long-term and effective treatment is challenging. Different cycling patterns, predominance of mixed episodes, severity of symptoms and need of polypharmacy makes the treatment of child and adolescent bipolar disorder very complex and requiring a wider range of therapeutic resources. The present case reports a successful use of quetiapine for a bipolar adolescent diagnosed at the age of 12 years who had been unsuccessfully treated using many therapeutic options. Quetiapine showed efficacy in both acute and prophylactic treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder.
