Fatty acid composition and biophysical characteristics of the cell membrane of feline spermatozoa.

Sperm membrane composition and biophysical characteristics play a pivotal role in many physiological processes (i.e. sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fusion with the oocyte) as well as in semen processing (e.g. cryopreservation). The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid content and biophysical characteristics (anisotropy, generalized polarization) of the cell membrane of domestic cat spermatozoa. Semen was collected from 34 adult male cats by urethral catheterization. After a basic semen evaluation, the fatty acid content of some of the samples (n = 11) was evaluated by gas chromatography. Samples from other individuals (n = 23) were subjected to biophysical analysis: membrane anisotropy (which is inversely proportional to membrane fluidity) and generalized polarization (describing lipid order); both measured by fluorimetry at three temperature points: 38 °C, 25 °C and 5 °C. Spermatozoa from some samples (n = 10) were cryopreserved in TRIS egg yolk-glycerol extender and underwent the same biophysical analysis after thawing. Most fatty acids in feline spermatozoa were saturated (69.76 ± 24.45%), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was relatively low (6.12 ± 5.80%). Lowering the temperature caused a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and an increase in generalized polarization in fresh spermatozoa, and these effects were even more pronounced following cryopreservation. Anisotropy at 38 °C in fresh samples showed strong positive correlations with viability and motility parameters after thawing. In summary, feline spermatozoa are characterized by a very low PUFA content and a low ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids, which may contribute to low oxidative stress. Cryopreservation alters the structure of the sperm membrane, increasing the fluidity of the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer and the lipid order in the hydrophilic portion. Because lower membrane fluidity in fresh semen was linked with better viability and motility after cryopreservation, this parameter may be considered an important factor in determination of sperm cryoresistance.

Optimizing hydrothermal treatment for sustainable valorization and fatty acid recovery from food waste.

This study employs response surface methodology and a central composite design (CCD) to optimize hydrothermal treatment (HTT) conditions for the valorization of food waste (FW). Lab-scale pressure reactor-based HTT processes are investigated to detect the effects of temperature (220-340 °C) and resident time (90-260 min) on elemental composition and fatty acid recovery in the hydrothermal liquid. Central to the study is the identification of temperature as the primary factor influencing food waste conversion during the HTT process, showcasing its impact on HTT product yields. The liquid fraction, rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), demonstrates a temperature-dependent trend, with higher temperatures favoring SFA recovery. Specifically, HTT at 340 °C in 180 min exhibits the highest SFA percentages, reaching up to 52.5 wt%. The study establishes HTT as a promising avenue for nutrient recovery, with the liquid fraction yielding approximately 95% at optimized conditions. Furthermore, statistical analysis using response surface methodology predicts the optimal achievable yields for hydrochar and hydrothermal liquid at 6.15% and 93.85%, respectively, obtained at 320 °C for 200 min.

Effect of Chemical Degradation of Sodium Alginate on Capsaicin Encapsulation.

Capsaicin is known as an oily extract of paprika that is characterized by pungent taste and bioactivity. It also may cause irritation to the mouth and stomach which is why is so important to immobilize capsaicin on a carrier to prevent it. The usage of alginate oligomers, which has an antioxidant potential compared to alginate, is of benefit because it may be used in the immobilization of bioactive substances that are fragile to oxidation. The purpose of this study was to use sodium alginate oligomers as a coating material in the encapsulation process of paprika oleoresin. Alginate oligomers were produced by chemical degradation with hydrogen peroxide. The characteristics of the samples were obtained by measuring the viscosity, the contact angle of the surface, and the surface tension of solutions. The obtained solution of alginate oligomers served as the carrier material for the immobilization of capsaicin. Capsules were prepared by ionic gelation using a calcium chloride solution as a crosslinking agent. In this way, capsules without and with the core (capsaicin) were prepared and their ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH) and iron-reducing properties (FRAP) were determined. The stability of the capsules was examined by thermal decomposition and under conditions of the gastric and small intestine, and capsaicin content was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that alginate oligomers could be used in the encapsulation of bioactive compounds and the efficiency was above 80%. Capsule production from alginate oligomers affected their thermal stability. The use of alginate derivatives as a carrier increased the antioxidant properties of the finished product, as well as its ability to reduce iron ions. The use of alginate oligomers as a coating material prevented the active substance from being released too early in the conditions of the small intestine, prolonged the stability of the capsules, and supported their durability in gastric conditions.

Functional Properties of Chitosan Oligomers Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis.

The aims of this study were to obtain chitooligosaccharides (COS) from chitosan (CH) with improved functional properties and comparison of the use of two different enzymes: commercial cellulase (CL) and the dedicated enzyme chitosanase (CS). After enzymatic reaction, chitosan oligomers (NFs) were isolated by methanol into two fractions: precipitate (HMF) and supernatant (LMF). The occurrence of a hydrolysis reaction was confirmed by an increased reducing sugar content and viscosity reduction of chitosan oligomers. CPMAS 13C NMR analysis confirmed the dissimilar cleavage mechanism of the enzymes used. LMF and NF fractions were characterised by improved solubility in water (94.56%) compared to the HMF and CH samples (70.64%). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the HMF decomposed in two-stage process while CH, NF, and LMF decomposed in a three-stage process. The greatest mass loss of LMF samples (58.35%) suggests their sensitivity to high-temperature treatments. COS were a mixture of DP (degrees of polymerisation) from 3 to 18 hetero-chitooligomers, with an average Mw of <3 kDa. CL consisted of more low-DP products (DP 3-7) than COS made with CS. LMF characterised by DP~2 showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity than HMF and NF with DP 3-7. The ability to reduce Escherichia coli increased in the given order: LMF > NF > HMF > CH.

Conventional water bath heating on undried brewer's spent grain: Functionality, fatty acids, volatiles, polyphenolic and antioxidant properties.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) contains bioactive compounds. It was hypothesized that heating treatments using conventional water bath heating (CWH) on brewers' spent grain (BSG) would modify the functionality, chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of BSG. Different temperatures and time exposures (80, 90 and 100 °C at 15, 30 and 60 min) were applied on fresh undried BSG. CWH at 80 °C increased the amount of flavan-3-ols, while 100 °C at 30 and 60 min improved the ABTS (2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) value. CWH significantly declined saturated fatty acid and enhanced the poly-unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, CWH discharged pungent, floral, spice and mushroom odor perceptions and formed fruity, sweet and pleasant odor perceptions, as well as essential-oil-related compounds. Additionally, CWH improved water-holding and oil-holding capacities. In conclusion, CWH as a low-cost treatment improved the functionality, fatty acid composition and aromatic profile of BSG.

Importance for humans of recently discovered protein compounds - yolkin and yolk glycopeptide 40, present in the plasma of hen egg yolk.

Vitellogenin (Vt) is considered the primary protein precursor of egg yolk, serving as a source of protein- and lipid-rich nutrients for the developing embryo. However, recent research has revealed that the functions of Vt and Vt-derived polypeptides, such as yolkin (Y) and yolk glycopeptide 40 (YGP40), extend beyond their nutritional roles as a source of amino acids. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that both Y and YGP40 possess immunomodulatory properties and can contribute to host immune defenses. Additionally, Y polypeptides have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity, participating in the modulation of neurons' survival and activity, inhibiting neurodegeneration processes, and improving cognitive functions in rats. These non-nutritional functions not only enhance our understanding of the physiological roles of these molecules during embryonic development but also offer a promising basis for the potential application of these proteins in human health.

Hemp in Animal Diets-Cannabidiol.

In recent years, interest in hemp use has grown owing to its chemical and medicinal properties. Several parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems are used in medicine, industry, and environmental preservation. Although there were legal restrictions on hemp exploitation in some countries due to the trace presence of THC as a psychoactive element, many countries have legalized it in recent years. Cannabidiol or CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that can activate the endocannabinoid system and its receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in bodies of different species. Cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects. This review investigates various aspects of cannabidiol use and its potential in animals and humans.

Nuts as functional foods: Variation of nutritional and phytochemical profiles and their in vitro bioactive properties.

The aim of the present study was to examine the nutritional (fat, fatty acids, minerals, sugars) and bioactive compounds (polyphenols, tocochromanols, triterpene) and their influence on in vitro anti-diabetic (pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase), anti-obesity (pancreatic lipase) and anti-cholinergic (AChE and BuChE) inhibitory activity of 8 different popular nuts-pecan, pine, hazelnuts, pistachio, almonds, cashew, walnuts, and macadamia. The total content of phenolic compounds in nuts ranged from 432.9 (walnuts) to 5.9 (pistachio) mg/100 g. The dominant polyphenols are polymeric procyanidins (walnuts - 415.1 mg/100 g). Nuts are rich in tocochromanols (832.9-4377.5 µg/100 g), especially α- and γ-tocopherols. The highest content of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) was detected in hazelnuts and almonds (2551.0 and 2489.7 µg/100 g, respectively) while the lowest amounts were detected in macadamia, cashew and walnuts. The most abundant in nuts are oleanic and pomolic acids (35 and 22 % of total, respectively), while betulin, uvaol and erythrodiol are less characteristic triterpenes for nuts (<1%). Pine nuts are the nuts with the highest content of triterpene (690.3 mg/100 g). Pistachio and almonds are the richest in total fat (>45 %), but monounsaturated (17.5-79.3 %; hazelnuts, almonds, cashew, macadamia, pistachio and pecan) and polyunsaturated (7.5-69.3 %; pine, walnuts) are the dominant fatty acids. Moreover, nuts are low in Cu, Zn, Mn and Na content, but rich in K (464.5-1772.3 mg/100 g) and Mg (197.0-502.5 mg/100 g). Macadamia, walnuts and cashew are good sources of Se. Pistachio, almonds and cashew were characterized by the highest content of sugars, but the dominant sugar was saccharose (58.2-2399.3 mg/100 g). All nuts showed high activity in inhibiting intestinal α-glucosidase (>90 %), but lower ability to inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and pancreatic lipase activity. The activity in inhibiting acetyl- and butylcholinesterase was up to 30 %. As described above, all nuts contain various compounds that improve the nutritional value. Therefore they should be one of the important components of the daily human diet rich in functional foods.

Biophysico-Chemical Properties of Alginate Oligomers Obtained by Acid and Oxidation Depolymerization.

The aim of the study was to obtain alginate oligosaccharides by using two degradation methods of sodium alginate (SA): with hydrochloric acid (G-guluronate, M-mannuronate and G + M fractions) and hydrogen peroxide (HAS-hydrolyzed SA), in order to assess and compare their biological activity and physico-chemical properties, with an attempt to produce gels from the obtained hydrolysates. The efficiency of each method was determined in order to select the fastest and most efficient process. The ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals, rheological properties, Fourier Transformed Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the microbiological test against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were performed. In order to check the functional properties of the obtained oligosaccharides, the texture profile analysis was assessed. The hydrolysis yield of acid SA depolymerization was 28.1% and from hydrogen peroxide SA, depolymerization was 87%. The FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation process by both tested methods in the fingerprint region. The highest ferric reducing antioxidant power was noted for HSA (34.7 µg), and the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was obtained by G fraction (346 µg/Trolox ml). The complete growth inhibition (OD = 0) of alginate hydrolysates was 1%. All tested samples presented pseudoplastic behavior, only HSA presented the ability to form gel.

Comparative Studies of Yolkin Preparations Isolated from Egg Yolks of Selected Bird Species.

The results of our research have proven that yolkin preparations isolated from eggs of different bird species show a high similarity in polypeptide composition. Despite the small differences in protein patterns, all of yolkin preparations showed also strong immunomodulatory activity, comparable with yolkin obtained previously from hen egg yolk. It can therefore be deducted that the presence of this polypeptide complex in the egg is not accidental and performs an important biological function for developing embryo.

Effect of Two Combined Functional Additives on Yoghurt Properties.

The aim of the research was the analysis of yoghurts enriched with blue honeysuckle berries dry polyphenolic extract and new preparation of resistant starch. The additives were introduced individually at concentration 0.1% (w/v) and in mixture at final concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% of both components. Yogurt microflora, pH, and its physicochemical and antioxidant properties were examined over 14 days of storage under refrigerated conditions. Studies showed that both substances can be successfully used in yoghurt production. Yoghurt microflora es. S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus counts appeared to be higher in samples supplemented with these additives comparing to control yoghurt by 3-8%. More stimulating effect on their growth, especially on S. thermophilus, revealed resistant starch. Addition of this polysaccharide improved also the rheological properties of yogurts, which showed higher viscosity than samples produced without it. Addition of honeysuckle berries preparation significantly influenced the yogurts' color, giving them deep purple color, and their antioxidant potential. During storage, contents of anthocyanin and iridoid compounds were decreasing, but antioxidant activity in the products remained stable.

The Effect of Using Micro-Clustered Water as a Polymer Medium.

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes within the physicochemical properties of gelatin, carrageenan, and sodium alginate hydrosols prepared on the basis of micro-clustered (MC) water. The rheological parameters, contact angle and antioxidant activity of hydrosols were investigated. Moreover, the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. The hydrosols with MC water were characterized by a lower pH, decreased viscosity, a lower contact angle, and only slightly lower antioxidant activity than control samples. The results showed that hydrosol's properties are significantly changed by MC water, which can lead to enhancement of its applicability but requires further investigation.

Oxidative Stress at Birth Is Associated with the Concentration of Iron and Copper in Maternal Serum.

Oxidative stress (OS) in the foetal and neonatal periods leads to many disorders in newborns and in later life. The nutritional status of pregnant women is considered to be one of the key factors that triggers OS. We investigated the relationship between the concentration of selected mineral elements in the blood of pregnant women and the concentration of 3'nitrotyrosine (3'NT) as a marker of OS in the umbilical cord blood of newborns. The study group consisted of 57 pregnant women and their newborn children. The concentrations of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in maternal serum (MS) were measured by the flame atomic absorption/emission spectrometry (FAAS/FAES) method. The concentration of 3'NT in umbilical cord serum (UCS) of newborns was determined by the ELISA method. A positive correlation between MS Fe and UCS 3'NT in male newborns was shown (rho = 0.392, p = 0.053). Significantly higher UCS 3'NT was demonstrated in newborns, especially males, whose mothers were characterized by MS Fe higher than 400 µg/dL compared to those of mothers with MS Fe up to 300 µg/dL (p < 0.01). Moreover, a negative correlation between the MS Cu and UCS 3'NT in male newborns was observed (rho = -0.509, p = 0.008). Results of the study showed the need to develop strategies to optimize the nutritional status of pregnant women. Implementation of these strategies could contribute to reducing the risk of pre- and neonatal OS and its adverse health effects in the offspring.

Pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol in rats of both sexes after oral and intravenous administration of pure xanthohumol and prenylflavonoid extract.

BACKGROUND: Female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are wildly used in the brewing industry. Hops have been also used for ages in folk medicine. Xanthohumol (XN) is a most abundant prenylated flavonoid present in hops. OBJECTIVES: To determine pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of pure XN and XN given in prenylflavonoid extract obtained from spent hops (HOP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six Wistar rats (28 females and 28 males) were administered with XN or HOP. Xanthohumol was administered either intravenously (iv.) (10 mg/kg) or orally (per os (p.o.)) (40, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Extract obtained from spent hops was administered p.o. and its doses were based on XN content (doses were equivalent to XN dose of 40, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively). After administration of XN or HOP serum, XN concentration was measured at different time points (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Non-compartmental analysis was used to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) of XN in rats. RESULTS: The XN PK in rats after intravenous administration is characterized by extensive distribution followed by delayed elimination from the body. Enterohepatic recirculation is likely to play a role in XN PK. Some fraction of the orally administered XN reaches central compartment rapidly; however, the overall absorption is very limited and probably saturable. The formulation-dependent factors also play an important role in the bioavailability of the drug. Although the CMAX concentration was higher in female rats receiving XN orally comparing to males, the other pharmacokinetic parameters were unaffected by the rats' sex. CONCLUSIONS: The same doses of XN may be administered to male and female subjects, as its pharmacokinetics is not affected by sex.

The Effect of Rosa spinosissima Fruits Extract on Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth and Other Yoghurt Parameters.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of purified extract from Rosa spinosissima fruits on the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of yoghurt. The extract, added to yoghurt at a concentration of 0.1% and 0.2%, contained high quantities of phenolic compounds and exhibited high antioxidant activity due to the presence of anthocyanins flavan-3-ols, flavonols and ellagitannins. Yoghurt physicochemical properties, microbiology and antioxidant properties were evaluated after 1, 7 and 14 days of storage at a temperature of 4 °C. The data revealed a positive influence of rose preparation on yoghurt's microflora and on its other properties. The highest count of traditional yoghurt microflora was observed in samples with 0.2% of extract. Its addition had a positive effect on the yoghurts' color, giving them a characteristic pink color of an intensity dependent on additive concentration. It also significantly affected the yoghurts' antioxidant properties, which were stable during storage, as well as the content of the introduced phenolic compounds.

The Effect of Dietary Humic Preparations on the Content of Essential and Non-Essential Chemical Elements in Hen Eggs.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with two humic preparations, Humokarbowit (HKW) and Humobentofet (HBF), on the mineral content of the albumen and egg yolk of Lohmann Brown hens. The content of macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S), microelements (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Si, Sr, Zn) and trace elements (Ag, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, W, Y and Zr) in the feed mixture (FM), albumen and yolk were presented. The material was collected from laying hens kept in a cage system in two groups, control (C) and enriched (E), with standard feed and feed enriched with humic preparations, respectively. The enriched feed mixture was characterised by a significantly higher Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Mg, Ni, S, Sb, Si, Zn and Zr content compared to the standard, basal mixture. Only some of these elements were found in significantly increased levels in albumen (Bi, Co, Ni, S) and yolk (Bi, Fe, K, Sb). Another noteworthy finding was a significantly lower concentration of Na in the content of eggs from the E-Group, which corresponds to the content of this important macronutrient in the feed. In addition, a significant increase in the concentration of elements such as Al, I, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl, Y, W was noted with a reduction in Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Rb, Sn in Group-E, which indicates a complicated egg formation processes, including biotransfer-essential and non-essential chemical elements.

Ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate as potential markers in diagnosis of ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Brain imaging in stroke diagnostics is a powerful tool, but one that can fail in more challenging cases, and one that is not particularly useful in identifying transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). Thus, new reliable blood biomarkers of cerebral ischaemia are constantly sought. OBJECTIVE: We studied the potential usefulness of sphingolipids (SFs) as biomarkers of acute ischaemic stroke and TIA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Levels of individual ceramide species and sphingosine-1-phosphate (Sph-1-P) in blood serum of patients with acute ischaemic stroke, TIA, and age-matched neurological patients without cerebral ischaemia, were assessed by tandem mass spectrometry liquid chromatography (LC- MS / MS). RESULTS: We found significant increases of several sphingolipid levels, with particularly strong elevations of Cer-C20:0 in patients with acute stroke. Cer-C24:1 was the only ceramide species to decrease as a result of acute stroke. Moreover, its levels inversely correlated with the number of days after stroke onset, suggesting that Cer-C24:1 is an independent parameter related to the course of stroke. To increase the sensitivity of sphingolipid-based tests in stroke diagnostics, we calculated the values of ratios of Sph-1-P / individual ceramide species and Cer-C24:1 individual ceramide species. We found several ratios significantly changed in stroke patients. Two ratios, Sph-1-P / Cer-C24:1 and Cer-C24:0 / Cer-C24:1, presented especially strong increments in patients with acute stroke. Moreover, Sph-1-P / Cer-C24:1 values were augmented in TIA patients. CONCLUSION: Serum SFs could be good candidates to be ischaemic stroke biomarkers. We have identified two SF ratios, Sph-1-P / Cer-C24:1 and Cer-C24:0 / Cer-C24:1, with strong diagnostic potential in ischaemic stroke. We found Sph-1-P / Cer-C24:1 ratio to be possibly useful in TIA diagnostics, also in the long term after ischaemic incidence.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activities of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Fruits Modulated by Chemical Components.

The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro biological activities as anti-oxidant, anti-α-amylase, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-lipase, and anti-lipoxygenase activity, relative to bioactive components (phenolic acids, flavonols, xanthophylls, carotenes, esterified carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and fatty acids) and the basic chemical composition (sugars, organic acid, dry matter, soluble solid, pH, titratable acidity, ash, pectins, and vitamin C) of Hippophaë rhamnoides berries. Six sea buckthorn cultivars commonly grown in Poland were analyzed including Aromatnaja, Botaniczeskaja-Lubitelskaja, Józef, Luczistaja, Moskwiczka, and Podarok Sadu. Berries contained 1.34-2.87 g of sugars and 0.96-4.22 g of organic acids in 100 g fresh weight, 468.60-901.11 mg of phenolic compounds, and 46.61-508.57 mg of carotenoids in 100 g dry mass. The fatty acid profile was established: palmitic > palmitoleic > oleic and linoleic > stearic and linolenic acids. The highest anti-oxidant (34.68 mmol Trolox/100 g dry mass) and anti-α-amylase potential (IC50 = 26.83 mg/mL) was determined in Aromatnaja, anti-α-glucosidase in Botaniczeskaja-Lubitelskaja (IC50 = 41.78 mg/mL), anti-lipase in Moskwiczka and Aromatnaja (average IC50 = 4.37 mg/mL), and anti-lipoxygenase in Aromatnaja and Podarok Sadu fruits (100% inhibition). The studied sea buckthorn berries may be a raw material for the development of functional foods and nutraceutical products rich in compounds with high biological activity.

Lecithin derived from ω-3 PUFA fortified eggs decreases blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Hypertension is the most common risk factor for stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary patterns and supplements intakes are becoming important factors in the hypertension. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of new generation egg yolk phospholipids rich in lecithin (SL) esterified with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on blood pressure in hypertensive rats (SHR). Here we have reported that lecithin (SL) derived from egg yolk lowers blood pressure in pathology of hypertension. The SHR rats treated with SL had significantly lower blood pressure than control group (157/104 vs. 178/121 mmHg; P < 0.05) and down-regulated mesenteric artery over-response to norepinephrine and potassium chloride, giving similar arterial response as for normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Hypertensive rats treated by SL demonstrated significantly lower serum level of inflammatory factors. This work also indicates that SL treatment lowers heart rate and reduces the serum level of oxidative stress marker - nitrotyrosine - by 30-34% in both hypertensive and normotensive animals. Phospholipids with lecithin derived from PUFA fortified eggs may be a valuable dietary supplement in prophylaxis of hypertension and in patients with hypertension, however, this requires further studies on humans.