ABSTRACT
There is a very high prevalence of headache in both outpatient and inpatient settings, in the United States and worldwide, due to an abundance of possible causes. Having a practical and systematic approach to evaluating and treating headache is, therefore, key to making the correct diagnosis, or possibly overlapping diagnoses. Taking a thorough and methodical headache history is the mainstay for diagnosis of both primary and secondary headache disorders. Evaluation and workup should include a complete neurological examination, consideration of neuroimaging in specific limited situations, and serum or spinal fluid analysis if indicated. Adopting a diagnostic approach to headache ensures that cannot-miss, or potentially fatal, headache syndromes are not overlooked, while resource-intensive tests are performed only on an as-needed basis.
Subject(s)
Headache , Neuroimaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Headache/diagnosis , Headache/epidemiology , Headache/therapy , Humans , Neurologic Examination , PrevalenceSubject(s)
Biomedical Research , Peer Review, Research , Periodicals as Topic , Ethics, Professional , Humans , VolunteersSubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Cranial Nerve Diseases , Ophthalmoplegia , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To summarize for the trainee audience the possible mechanisms of headache in patients with COVID-19 as well as to outline the impact of the pandemic on patients with headache disorders and headache medicine in clinical practice. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, of which a large subset of patients features neurological symptoms, commonly headache. The virus is highly contagious and is, therefore, changing clinical practice by forcing limitations on in-person visits and procedural treatments, more quickly shifting toward the widespread adaptation of telemedicine services. DESIGN/RESULTS: We review what is currently known about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and how it relates to possible mechanisms of headache, including indirect, potential direct, and secondary causes. Alternative options for the treatment of patients with headache disorders and the use of telemedicine are also explored. CONCLUSIONS: Limited information exists regarding the mechanisms and timing of headache in patients with COVID-19, though causes relate to plausible direct viral invasion of the nervous system as well as the cytokine release syndrome. Though headache care in the COVID-19 era requires alterations, the improved preventive treatment options now available and evidence for feasibility and safety of telemedicine well positions clinicians to take care of such patients, especially in the COVID-19 epicenter of New York City.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Education, Medical, Continuing , Headache Disorders, Secondary/etiology , Neurology/education , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Aged, 80 and over , Anosmia/etiology , Anosmia/virology , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/physiopathology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Comorbidity , Cytokine Release Syndrome/complications , Cytokine Release Syndrome/physiopathology , Headache/epidemiology , Headache Disorders, Secondary/physiopathology , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/etiology , Migraine Disorders/complications , Migraine Disorders/prevention & control , Migraine Disorders/therapy , New York City/epidemiology , Physical Distancing , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , SARS-CoV-2/physiology , TelemedicineSubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/complications , Diplopia/etiology , Miller Fisher Syndrome/etiology , Ophthalmoplegia/etiology , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Adult , Aged , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Diplopia/diagnostic imaging , Diplopia/physiopathology , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Miller Fisher Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Miller Fisher Syndrome/physiopathology , Miller Fisher Syndrome/therapy , Oculomotor Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Ophthalmoplegia/diagnostic imaging , Ophthalmoplegia/physiopathology , Optic Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting women disproportionally at a rate of 3:1. Prior to puberty, boys and girls are equally affected, but the female preponderance emerges after puberty. Migraine pathophysiology is not fully understood, and although the hormonal effect of estrogen is significant, other factors are at play. This article will focus on the hormonal influence on migraine in women. Here we review our most recent understanding of migraine and menstrual migraine, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies for this challenging disorder, as well as migraine during pregnancy, postpartum period, breastfeeding, perimenopause, and menopause. We also review the risks and benefits of exogenous hormone use in this population and discuss stroke risk in women with migraine aura. By understanding these aspects of migraine in women, we hope to arm practitioners with the knowledge and tools to help guide treatment of this debilitating disorder in this large population.
