ABSTRACT
This work has been aimed at studying the effect of red thyme oil (RTO, Thymus vulgaris L.) on the shelf-life and Penicillium decay of oranges during cold storage. RTO vapours significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the percentage of infected wounds, the external growth area and the production of spores in inoculated orange fruit stored for 12 days at 7 °C in a polypropylene film selected for its appropriate permeability. Among the RTO compounds, p-cymene and thymol were the most abundant in packed boxes at the end of cold storage. The RTO vapours did not affect the main quality parameters of the oranges, or the taste and odour of the juice. The results have shown that an active packaging, using RTO vapours, could be employed, by the citrus industry, to extend the shelf-life of oranges for fresh market use and juice processing.
Subject(s)
Food Quality , Food Storage/methods , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Penicillium/drug effects , Thymus Plant/metabolism , Antioxidants/chemistry , Citrus/chemistry , Citrus/metabolism , Citrus/microbiology , Cold Temperature , Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Oils, Volatile/analysis , Penicillium/physiologySubject(s)
Health Services Research , Interinstitutional Relations , Managed Care Programs , Humans , United StatesSubject(s)
Immunization , Preventive Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , United StatesABSTRACT
In the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA '89), Congress directed the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC or "the Commission") to make recommendations on payment policies for assistants-at-surgery, including physicians, physician assistants (PAs) and registered nurses (RNs). The National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses (NAON), via the Government Relations Committee and Executive Board, participated in the public hearing on this issue and submitted testimony on the role of the RN first assistant during orthopaedic surgery. In its 1991 report to Congress, the Commission recommended that inappropriate utilization of assistants-at-surgery could be reduced by implementing "profiling"--a variety of techniques to examine the use of assistants. PPRC failed to comment on policies related to non-physician providers, determining that this was a coverage issue, not a payment issue and thus outside the scope of their jurisdiction. However, as global surgical payment policy is further defined by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and Congress, consideration will again be given to incorporating payment for assistants-at-surgery into a comprehensive fee schedule. Recognition of the registered nurse as an assistant-at-surgery will continue to be a primary goal of NAON.