ABSTRACT
The formation of atherosclerotic lesions requires the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from the media into the intima of the artery and their proliferation. These events, which are preceded and accompanied by inflammation, are modulated by integrin receptors linking vascular smooth muscle cells to extracellular matrix molecules. Among them, fibronectin induces vascular smooth muscle cells to acquire the phenotype they show in the atherosclerotic plaque. Here we show that amounts of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-gamma as possibly released by activated immune cells infiltrating atherosclerotic lesions, upregulate vascular smooth muscle cell expression of the alpha5beta1 integrin, a fibronectin receptor. This improves vascular smooth muscle cell capability of migrating toward soluble or anchored fibronectin and of adhering to immobilized fibronectin. The latter effect, in turn, augments vascular smooth muscle cell proliferative response to mitogens, as suggested by the increase of intracellular pH. Finally, the effects that inflammatory cytokines have on vascular smooth muscle cell locomotion and growth, are specifically blocked by anti-alpha5beta1 antibodies. As fibronectin and alpha5beta1 levels are augmented in vivo in the atherosclerotic plaques, these findings support the use of integrin antagonists as potential adjuvants in atherosclerosis treatment.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Cytokines/pharmacology , Gene Expression , Inflammation/metabolism , Muscle Development , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development , Receptors, Fibronectin/metabolism , Aorta/drug effects , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/pathology , Blotting, Northern , Cell Division/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Cytokines/metabolism , DNA Primers/chemistry , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology , Gene Expression/drug effects , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Inflammation/pathology , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/pharmacology , Interleukin-1/metabolism , Interleukin-1/pharmacology , Intracellular Fluid/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA/genetics , RNA/metabolism , Receptors, Fibronectin/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Engagement of cell surface adhesion receptors with extracellular constituents and with cellular counter-receptors is crucial for the extravasation of blood-borne neoplastic cells and their seeding at distant sites; however, the early events of tumor dissemination-ie, the intravasation step(s)-have been largely neglected. A role for the alpha4beta7 integrin was hypothesized to explain the high leukemogenicity exhibited by one (NQ22) among several T-cell lymphomas studied. To clarify the mechanisms of early aggressivity, the behavior of highly and poorly leukemogenic cell lines were compared in vitro. Cocultivation of physically separated leukemic cells with resting endothelial cells resulted in the up-regulation of VCAM-1 expression. NQ22 cells expressed mRNA of different cytokines that up-regulate VCAM-1 and at higher levels than cells of a nonaggressive lymphoma, and they migrated more efficiently through an activated endothelial cell layer. With the use of neutralizing antibodies against interferon-gamma, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, it was determined that TNF-alpha is one of the soluble factors released by NQ22 cells involved in the up-regulation of VCAM-1. The finding that vascular cells within the early local growth were strongly positive for VCAM-1 indicated that NQ22 cells could activate endothelial cells also in vivo. Finally, cocultivation of preleukemic alpha4(-)NQ22 cells with TNF-alpha-activated endothelial cells induced the expression of alpha4 integrins on the former cells. Reciprocal up-regulation and engagement of alpha4/VCAM-1 pairs determined the sequential transmigration and intravasation steps, and similar mechanisms might affect the aggressivity of human T lymphoblastic lymphomas.
Subject(s)
Integrins/genetics , Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Animals , Antibodies , Cell Adhesion , Cell Movement , Coculture Techniques , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology , Integrins/physiology , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Interferon-gamma/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred AKR , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/physiologyABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on the Na/H antiport in rat aorta smooth muscle cells, evaluated as intracellular pH (pHi) recovery after an acid load with ammonium chloride. The Na/H antiport was studied using a fluorescent probe, sensitive to pHi, 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. Our data indicate that ANF modulates the activity of the Na/H antiport in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hormone concentrations of 10(-10) M activate the antiport, increasing both the rate of recovery and the set point by approximately 0.2 pH units. This effect is mediated by diacylglycerol as a result of phospholipid hydrolysis by a phospholipase C, even if an involvement of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) cannot be ruled out. ANF (10(-7) M) inhibits the antiport, decreasing both the rate of recovery and the set point by approximately 0.3 pH units, because of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production. Both inhibition and stimulation of pHi by ANF were more pronounced when the hormone was given before the acid load, perhaps because of the longer time exposure. We present new hypotheses on the mechanism of action of this paracrine/autocrine factor.
