Subject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex/blood , Dermatitis Herpetiformis/blood , Immunoglobulin A/immunology , Transglutaminases/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Dermatitis Herpetiformis/diet therapy , Dermatitis Herpetiformis/immunology , Diet, Gluten-Free , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Pemphigus/blood , Pemphigus/immunology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Lymphogranuloma venereum is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1-3. It has been found to be endemic in tropical countries. In the last decades several cases have been reported in Western Europe, particularly in men who have sex with men population infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The authors present three cases of lymphogranuloma venereum infections, observed at their department in 2013 and 2014. The three human immunodeficiency virus infected patients who belonged to men who have sex with men population had casual sexual contacts in Western Europe. The symptoms included urethral discharge, discomfort and inguinal lymphadenomegaly in two patients, and rectal pain, discharge and perianal ulceration in one patient. The diagnosis was confirmed by nucleic acid amplification test performed in samples obtained from urethral discharge and exudate of perianal ulcer; lymphogranuloma venereum 2b serovars were demonstrated in two patients and serovar 2 in one patient. Doxycyclin (daily dose of two times 100 mg for 21 days) resolved the symptoms in all cases. The authors conclude that lymphogranuloma venereum is a diagnostic challenge in Hungary, too. It is important to be aware of the altered clinical features of this disease to prevent complications and spreading.
Subject(s)
Chlamydia trachomatis/isolation & purification , HIV Infections/complications , Lymphogranuloma Venereum/diagnosis , Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics , Diagnosis, Differential , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Hungary , Lymphogranuloma Venereum/complications , Lymphogranuloma Venereum/drug therapy , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Risk Factors , Serogroup , Serologic Tests , Sexual Partners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , TravelABSTRACT
Recently, a transglutaminase 3 knockout (TGM3/KO) mouse was generated that showed impaired hair development, but no gross defects in the epidermal barrier, although increased fragility of isolated corneocytes was demonstrated. Here we investigated the functionality of skin barrier in vivo by percutaneous sensitization to FITC in TGM3/KO (n=64) and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice (n=36). Cutaneous inflammation was evaluated by mouse ear swelling test (MEST), histology, serum IgE levels, and by flow cytometry from draining lymph nodes. Inflammation-induced significant MEST difference (P<0.0001) was detected between KO and WT mice and was supported also by histopathology. A significant increase of CD4+ CD25+-activated T cells (P<0.01) and elevated serum IgE levels (P<0.05) in KO mice indicated more the development of FITC sensitization than an irritative reaction. Propionibacter acnes-induced intracutaneous inflammation showed no difference (P=0.2254) between the reactivity of WT and KO immune system. As in vivo tracer, FITC penetration from skin surface followed by two-photon microscopy demonstrated a more invasive percutaneous penetration in KO mice. The clinically uninvolved skin in TGM3/KO mice showed impaired barrier function and higher susceptibility to FITC sensitization indicating that TGM3 has a significant contribution to the functionally intact cutaneous barrier.
