[Destructive mastoiditis with thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus in a 8 year-old child presenting with concomitant chicken pox].

The specific clinical feature of mastoidities that developed in a patient presenting with chicken pox was the rapid progress in temporal bone destruction with partial thrombosis of the sigmoid sinusis in the absence of typical manifestations of mastoiditis. The pronounced destructive changes found in a series of CT images were regarded as the indications for urgent antromastoidotomy with the puncture of the sigmoid sinusis.

[Surgical operations for the improvement of hearing in the children: the current state of the problem. Part II. Ossiculoplasty, stapedoplasty, shunting of the tympanic cavity, cochlear implantation].

The second part of this review paper devoted to the modern views of the problem of cophosurgery in Russia is concerned with the methods of ossiculoplasty, stapedoplasty, and shunting of the tympanic cavity. The results of the Russian-language and foreign publications are compared. Especially much attention is given to the problem of cochlear implantation in this country with reference to the achievements of Russian specialists in this field. The stages of preparation for this surgical intervention are described in much detail along with the criteria for the choice of the patients. The importance of their postoperative rehabilitation is emphasized.

[Diagnotsic efficacy of roentgenography and computed tomography of paranasal sinuses in children presenting with mucoviscidosis complicated by chronic rhinosinusitis]. / Diagnosticheskaia éffektivnost' rentgenografii i komp'iuternoi tomografii okolonosovykh pazukh u detei s mukovistsidozom, oslozhnennym khronicheskim rinosinusitom.

We examined 95 patients with mucoviscidosis admitted to the Russian Children's Clinical Hospital for ENT organ pathology. It was shown that pathology of paranasal sinuses is the most common condition diagnosed in 42% of the children, with chronic polypous sinusitis being its predominant form. A comparative analysis of the efficacy of the main radiodiagnostic techniques (standard roentgenography and computed tomography) in the patients of the study and control groups revealed the characteristic features of pathology of paranasal sinuses associated with mucoviscidosis and resulting from pathogenic processes characteristic of this severe disease. It is concluded that computed tomography is a valuable tool for diagnostics of pathology of paranasal sinuses; moreover, itcan be used to plan the extent of surgical intervention in children presenting with mucoviscidos is complicated by polypous sinusitis.

[Specific features of rhinoseptoplasty in children].

The objective of the present study was to examine and treat children presenting with of the curved nasal septum. All the patients included in the study underwent rhinoseptoplasty with simultaneous vasotomy of the inferior turbinated bones and correction of bullous middle nasal conchae. It is recommended that the results obtained in this study be taken into consideration when planning surgery for nasal septum correction in children.

[Age-specific stages of pneumatization of the spenoidal sinus in children based on the results of computed and magneto-resonance tomography].

The present study had the objective to evaluate specific features of pneumatization along with the growth rate of the sphenoid bone and the size of the sphenoidal sinus in children of different age. To this effect, computed and magneto-resonance tomograms of paranasal sinuses taken from 100 patients at the age from 2 to 15 years were analysed retrospectively. The data thus obtained included the size (length, height, and width) and anatomic position of the canals for the internal carotid artery and optic nerve with respect to the walls of the sphenoidal sinus as well as age-specific growth dynamics of this sinus. Its formation was followed up from the age of 1 year till 3-5 years. Pneumatization of the sphenoidal sinus was evaluated. It is recommended that the results of the study should be taken into consideration when carrying out endonasal diagnostic procedures and surgical endoscopic interventions during the childhood period.

[Assessment of the effectiveness of sinuforte used for the combined treatment of rhinosinusitis and exudative otitis media in children].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate efficiency, safety, and tolerability of two single doses of sinuforte (INVAR, Russia) used in the combined treatment of rhinosinusitis (including that with concurrent exudative otitis media) in children at the age from 5 to 12 years. The data obtained suggest high efficiency of sinuforte in the treatment of mild and moderately severe acute rhinosinusitis and exudative otitis media. Inclusion of sinuforte in combined therapy of these conditions makes it possible to avoid drainage procedures and decreases duration of antibacterial treatment. Simultaneous acceleration of the recovery of functional activity of endonasal mucosa suggests pronounced anti-recurrent action of sinuforte.

[Voice disturbances in young children with gastroesophageal reflux disease].

The objective of the present work was to study voice disturbances in young children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diagnostic algorithm included direct transnasal examination of the larynx using an Olympus fibroscope (Japan), fibrogastroduodenoscopy, 24-hour potentiometry, biopsy of oesophageal mucosa, and acoustic analysis of the voice. A total of 26 children at the age from 8 months to 3 years with voice disturbances were examined, including 12 children below one year, 5 between 1 and 2 years, and 9 between 2 and 3 years. The main signs of laryngoesophageal reflux were dysphonia, oedema, hyperemia, and altered light reflex of mucous membrane of arytenoid cartilages, interarytenoid space, and vocal cords. It is concluded that voice disturbances are the most common symptoms of laryngoesophageal reflux in young children which necessitates the earliest possible endoscopic study of the larynx in all cases of dysphonia.

[Local therapy for laryngopharyngeal inflammatory diseases in children].

The article devoted to the treatment of inflammatory diseases of throat and larynx in children. Features of clinical course of inflammation process, predominant ethiological factors as well group of drugs used in childhood are described. Special attention was paid to drugs for topical treatment and peculiarities of their usage in children. The role of eliminative agents in treatment of inflammatory diseases of throat is elucidated. Outcome of research of efficacy and safety of Aqualor throat cleansing as an initial monotherapy of mild and moderate pharyngolaryngites in children elder 6 y.o. are presented. Data obtained let us to recommend Aqualor throat cleansing as a safe and effective remedy for treatment of non-complicated pharyngolaryngitis in children.

[Peculiarities of the structure of the labyrinthine wall of the tympanic cavity in young children].

The authors report results of topographic measurement of the labyrinthine wall of the tympanic cavity using preparations of temporal bones from young children. Serial saw-cuts of the bones were made in different planes to obtain material for comprehensive assessment. It is recommended to take into consideration the results of the study for the purpose of surgical intervention on the middle ear of young children.

[Certain peculiarities of rhinoseptoplasty in children].

This paper reports the results of examination and treatment of children presenting with deviation of the nasal septum. All of them underwent septoplasty simultaneous with rhinoplasty, vasotomy of inferior nasal concha, and correction of bullous middle nasal concha (if indicated). It is recommended that the data obtained be taken into consideration during rhinoseptoplastic surgey in children.

[Specific ototoxic effects of monomycin in immature animals].

Dynamics of the hearing function was evaluated using immature animals based on the SSCP data. Morphological characteristics of the cochlear auditory ganglion were studied after administration of therapeutic doses of the ototoxic antibiotic monomycin. Untreated animals served as controls. The results of morphofunctional investigations were evaluated in comparison with the similar data obtained in adult cats after injection of the same doses of monomycin.

[Dynamics of the otoscopic and audiologic picture in children with congenital isolated palatal clefts at different stages of surgical treatment].

This otoscopic study including tympanometry and the test for otoacoustic emission involved children since birth till the age of 1.5 years with an isolated grade II (n=16) and III (n=20) palatal cleft. The patients were examined before and at different stages of surgical treatment. Normalization of the otoscopic picture and functional capacity of the Eustachian tube was achieved in 70% of the children with congenital isolated palatal clefts due to the recovery of natural anatomic characteristics of palatal muscles following surgical intervention within the first year of life.

[Specific features of the bony auditory tube in young children].

The study was designed to characterize protympanum topography and the state of the bone component of eustachian tube by examining cadaveric temporal bone preparations from young children. Serial temporal bone sections cut in different planes were available for comprehensive examination of the anterior tympanum. Results of the study may be useful for planning surgical intervention for the treatment of the diseased middle ear in the early childhood.

[Difficulties and peculiarities of diagnosis of hearing disorders in premature infants with perinatal pathology].

Premature infants are highly vulnerable to developing various pathologies including eye and ear diseases; some of them are believed to be associated with specific individual features of gestation and labour course. The study included audiologic screening of 148 babies (296 ears) born prematurely during 24-37 weeks of pregnancy (delayed evoked otoacoustic emission was recorded at the distortion product frequency). For the purpose of dynamic evaluation of hearing ability, all the infants were divided into 3 groups depending on gestational age at birth; they were followed up throughout the first year of life. This paper describes factors complicating pregnancy and labour in women, the most common pathological conditions in premature infants, time and results of their audiologic screening by means of recording delayed evoked otoacoustic emission, algorithm of preliminary examination of premature infants of different gestational age and their selection for audiologic screening, recommendations on the organization of mass audiologic examination of prematurely born infants taking into consideration their gestational and post-conception age.