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1.
Pesqui. Planej. Econ. (Impr.) ; 45(2): 337-363, 2015.
Article in Portuguese | ECOS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-1014852

ABSTRACT

Sendo atualmente uma importante fonte de informação na definição de políticas públicas e investimentos entre as nações, cabe ao índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) não somente representar a atual conjuntura econômico-social da nação, mas também considerar os esforços envolvidos na busca de melhores resultados. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar como um novo componente, a eficiência, pode gerar melhores indicadores e, consequentemente, novos meios de se alcançar um desenvolvimento social e econômico. Por meio da utilização da metodologia não paramétrica da análise envoltória de dados (DEA), sendo os resultados refinados pela detecção de outliers, revela-se uma alta ineficiência nos gastos com educação e saúde, o que causa uma mudança considerável na classificação de bem-estar dos países, indicando que serviços mais eficientes podem, sim, gerar um grande impacto na busca pelo desenvolvimento.


Subject(s)
Efficiency , Health Expenditures , Development Indicators , Public Policy
2.
Brain Res ; 1251: 204-12, 2009 Jan 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19056357

ABSTRACT

The permanent occlusion of common carotid arteries (2VO) causes a significant reduction of cerebral blood flow (hypoperfusion) in rats and constitutes a well established experimental model to investigate neuronal damage and cognitive impairment that occurs in human ageing and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we evaluated two astroglial proteins--S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)--in cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue, glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in hippocampus tissue, as well as S100B in cerebrospinal fluid. Cognition, as assessed by reference and working spatial memory protocols, was also investigated. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to 10 weeks of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by the 2VO method. A significant increase of S100B and GFAP in hippocampus tissue was observed, as well a significant decrease in glutamate uptake. Interestingly, we observed a decrease in S100B in cerebrospinal fluid. As for the cognitive outcome, there was an impairment of both reference and working spatial memory in the water maze; positive correlation between cognitive impairment and glutamate uptake decrease was evidenced in hypoperfused rats. These data support the hypothesis that astrocytes play a crucial role in the mechanisms of experimental neurodegeneration and that hippocampal pathology arising after chronic hypoperfusion gives rise to memory deficits.


Subject(s)
Astrocytes/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Gliosis/physiopathology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/physiopathology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/psychology , Animals , Astrocytes/pathology , Biomarkers/analysis , Biomarkers/metabolism , Carotid Stenosis/metabolism , Carotid Stenosis/physiopathology , Carotid Stenosis/psychology , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/pathology , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Cognition Disorders/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Gliosis/etiology , Gliosis/metabolism , Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hippocampus/pathology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism , Male , Maze Learning/physiology , Memory Disorders/etiology , Memory Disorders/metabolism , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Nerve Growth Factors/analysis , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit , S100 Proteins/analysis , S100 Proteins/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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