1997 William J. Stickel Silver Award. The anti-inflammatory action of locally injected ketorolac.

Locally injected steroids are used to treat inflammatory conditions, in spite of the complications associated with their use. Ketorolac tromethamine, an injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has not previously been evaluated for treatment of musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions via local administration. Eighty Achilles tendons of rabbits were traumatized in a controlled fashion. At the time of trauma, a single dose of ketorolac (1, 3, or 5 mg/kg) or normal saline was administered peritendinously. Three days later, the tendons were harvested and examined histologically to evaluate the degree of inflammation present in the tissue. No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups. The authors conclude that locally injected ketorolac does not prevent the onset of an inflammatory process.

An unusual case of diabetic cellulitis due to Pasturella multocida.

Pasturella multocida is a well known potential cause of infection following bites or scratches by animals. The organism causes the usual clinical manifestations of a rapidly developing cellulitis at the site of injury. The resultant infection is dangerous and can progress on to a deep infection, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. In compromised patients, the source and etiology of the infection may be obscure making definitive diagnosis difficult. This paper reviews a very unusual case of a foot infection in a diabetic patient that was due to a domestic pet licking an excoriation on the foot.

Brachymetatarsia. Axial lengthening by using the callus distraction technique.

The authors present a modified approach to the ilizarov callus distraction technique for bone lengthening on a patient with brachymetatarsia. This approach has certain advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed along with historical methods of treating brachymetatarsia. The actual case history, surgical technique, and perioperative care of the patient are described in detail.

Epidermal inclusion cysts following minimal incision surgery.

One of the most frequent causes of epidermal inclusion cysts is trauma involving the epidermis with subsequent implantation of epidermal cells into the dermis or subcutis. Minimal incision surgery is capable of achieving this because it is performed by using small incisions and rapidly rotating power instruments. The technique requires that the surgeon master a high degree of dexterity and knowledge of the anatomy without the aid of direct visualization. Van Enoo and Cane suggest the use of fresh, sharp skin blades to protect against invagination of skin edges which could lead to epidermal inclusion cysts. They also state that an improper position or an incision that is too small will cause tension, which can lead to heat buildup with subsequent sloughing and dehiscence. It may also drive some epidermal cells underneath the dermis and foster an epidermal cyst. Other surgeons using small incisions suggest thorough and copious irrigation to flush away debris and to avoid potential foreign body reactions. The periosteum should be reflected away from the point where the drill bit exits the bone to prevent bone chips from being forced subperiosteally and potentially causing a foreign body reaction. By virtue of the technique, minimal incision surgery lends itself to a greater risk of causing epidermal inclusion cysts. Surgeons who use these techniques must be aware of this potential complication.

Comparison of the synthetic pyrethroids Esbiothrin and Bioresmethrin with Scourge and Cythion against adult mosquitoes in a laboratory wind tunnel.

Both candidate adulticides, Esbiothrin and Bioresmethrin, exhibited quick knockdown 1-h posttreatment. Esbiothrin elicited the fastest knockdown, but Bioresmethrin was more effective at both 1- and 24-h posttreatment than either Esbiothrin or Scourge against both Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquitoes treated with Scourge required more time and a higher dosage to respond in a physiological manner similar to those treated with either of the candidate adulticides. More than twice the dosage rate of Cythion was required than either candidate adulticide to cause a similar physiological response in treated mosquitoes.

Evaluation of three candidate cypermethrin-piperonyl butoxide formulations compared with Scourge against adult Culex quinquefasciatus.

Cypermethrin-piperonyl butoxide formulations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10) were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel against colony reared, susceptible adult Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Scourge (4% resmethrin:12% piperonyl butoxide) was used as the standard for comparison. Based on the LC90 data, the 3 cypermethrin-piperonyl butoxide formulations were 2.6-3.7x more toxic than Scourge 24-h posttreatment.

Control of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus emergence with sustained release Altosid sand granules and pellets in saltwater and freshwater test plots.

The efficacy of sustained release Altosid sand granules to control adult Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus emergence was investigated. Sand granules applied at a 7-day preflood application rate of 5.6 kg/ha controlled 99% of the Ae. taeniorhynchus emergence in saltwater plots for 44 days posttreatment and 35% of Cx. quinquefasciatus in freshwater plots. A 5.6 kg/ha rate controlled 100% of the Ae. taeniorhynchus emergence for 30 days posttreatment in semi-permanent saltwater plots. Altosid pellets were used at the label rate for comparison. Sand granules applied at 11.2, 16.8 and 22.4 kg/ha against Cx. quinquefasciatus in freshwater plots gave 98% emergence inhibition at the 22.4 kg/ha rate 37 days posttreatment, 93% at 16.8 kg/ha for 22 days, and 100% at 11.2 kg/ha rate for 16 days.

Small plot test of sustained-release Altosid (methoprene) pellets against Aedes taeniorhynchus in brackish water.

Four percent methoprene pellets applied at a rate of 2.2 kg/ha effectively controlled adult Aedes taeniorhynchus emergence (93%) for over 3 weeks. Efficacy declined to 38% 4 weeks posttreatment. At a rate of 4.5 kg/ha, 95% control was maintained for 34 days with the exception of the 5th week when only 72% control was observed.

Insecticide tolerance of Culex nigripalpus in Florida.

Larval susceptibility tests of Culex nigripalpus populations from various areas of Florida have shown resistance to several organophosphorus insecticides since 1984. Although the degree of resistance is low (2 to 7 times), it can be termed tolerance and appears to be the greatest for fenthion, followed by temephos, naled and malathion. It is suggested that pesticide runoff from lawns, golf courses and agricultural and urban areas may play a role in developing resistance in Florida mosquito populations.

Current status on the Florida Abate Monitoring program--susceptibility levels of three species of mosquitoes during 1984.

During 1984, larval susceptibility tests of temephos were performed on Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus collected from the same general areas as in 1980-82, and the results compared to the susceptible laboratory strains. No resistance was detected against these two species. When strains of Culex quinquefasciatus from some new areas were tested against temephos, malathion, naled, fenthion and chlorpyrifos, their tolerance varied according to the insecticide tested and the origin of the strain. Some strains ranged from 1.6 to 43.0X more tolerant to temephos when compared to the West Florida Arthropod Research Laboratory strain (WFARL strain).