Hepatitis C hospitalizations in Spain, 2004-2013: a retrospective epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is an important public health problem about which there is currently scarce epidemiological information. The objective of this study is to describe and analyse the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cases of hepatitis C in the Spanish population between 2004 and 2013. METHODS: The study uses the Hospital Discharge Records Database of the Spanish National Health System. It is a retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The variables analysed were year of infection, age, sex, diagnostic category, days admitted and co-morbidity. RESULTS: There have been a total of 351,996 hospitalizations; 225,138 men (64%) and 126,858 women (36%). They are divided between acute hepatitis 8161 (2.3%); chronic hepatitis 325,185 (92.4%) and unspecified hepatitis 18,650 (5.3%). The mean age for men is 53.7 (+/-15.2) and for women 62.3 (+/-17.3). 22.8% also present with an Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease coinfection, and 14.7% with opioid dependencies. The trend is for a gradual increase in cases without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The Hepatitis C cases hospitalized had high levels of chronicity, which entails two distinct patterns of illness in men and women - who are affected in different age ranges.

[Selection of candidates for prostate biopsy using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in patients with persistently raising PSA]. / Selección de pacientes candidatos a biopsia prostática mediante técnicas de resonancia magnética funcional en el seguimiento por elevación del PSA.

UNLABELLED: The current diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on randomized prostate biopsies to obtain histological material for study, without introducing any imaging technique in the diagnostic algorithm. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a literature review of the role of multiparametric MRI ( mMRI ) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and present preliminary data from our series of 233 patients undergoing mRMN and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a PubMed search for those articles that refer to the usefulness of mMRI in the follow-up and monitoring of patients with persistently elevated PSA without previous biopsies, and those with a previous negative biopsy, and assess the power of mRMN for detecting PCa in both the peripheral and the central gland. We present the preliminary results of our series, consisting of 233 patients selected between 2008 and 2011 undergoing mMRI and TRUS-guided prostatic biopsy because of elevated PSA levels or suspicious digital rectal examination. RESULTS: We discuss several articles published from 2003 to 2014. We compare our results with those from the literature. DISCUSSION: The diagnostic algorithm of prostate cancer to date does not include any imaging technique in the decision-making process. The mMRI is a functional imaging technique that provides increasing evidence in deciding which patients should be biopsied and which patients may avoid it despite persisting high levels of PSA. The advantage of this technique lies not only in its high detection rate in intermediate and high risk lesions, but also in its high specificity. It allows us to avoid diagnosing clinically insignificant tumors and thus, avoids overtreatment. CONCLUSION: The mRMN is a useful technique not yet incorporated in algorithms of prostate cancer diagnosis in urological societies. Its safety, effectiveness and efficiency are forcing to include its progressive use and with high probability will be soon incorporated into the decision-making charts.

Selección de pacientes candidatos a biopsia prostática mediante técnicas de resonancia magnética funcional en el seguimiento por elevación del PSA / Selection of candidates for prostate biopsy using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in patients with persistently raising PSA

El diagnóstico actual del cáncer de próstata se basa en la realización de biopsias de próstata aleatorizadas con la obtención de material para estudio histológico, sin que se haya incorporado ninguna técnica de imagen dentro del algoritmo diagnóstico. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica del papel de la resonancia multiparamétrica de próstata (RMNm) en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata, y presentar datos preliminares de nuestra serie de 233 pacientes sometidos a RMNm y biopsia transrectal de próstata. Métodos: Se ha practicado una búsqueda en PubMed para detectar aquellos artículos que hagan referencia al uso de la RMNm para el control y monitorización de pacientes con PSA persistentemente elevado y sin biopsia previa, y de pacientes con biopsias previas negativas, así como a la valoración de la capacidad de detección de la RMNm tanto en la glándula central como en la periférica. Se presentan los resultados preliminares de nuestra serie, consistente en 233 pacientes sometidos entre 2008 y 2011 a RMNm y biopsia prostática ecodirigida por presentar cifras de PSA elevados o tacto rectal sospechoso. Resultados: Se comentan varios artículos del periodo 2003 al 2014. Se indican y contraponen los resultados de nuestra serie con los de la literatura consultada. Discusión: El algoritmo diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata hasta la fecha no incorpora ninguna técnica de imagen en la toma de decisiones. La RMNm es una técnica de imagen y funcional que está demostrando cada vez más su utilidad en decidir a qué pacientes biopsiar y a cuáles dejar de biopsiar a pesar de persistir cifras elevadas de PSA. La ventaja de esta técnica no sólo radica en su alta capacidad de detección sino además en su alta especificidad en tumores de riesgo alto e intermedio. Permite por tanto dejar de diagnosticar tumores clínicamente no significativos y no inducir un sobretratamiento. Conclusión: La RMNm es una técnica que todavía no está incorporada en los algoritmos diagnósticos de cáncer de próstata de las distintas sociedades urológicas. Su seguridad, validez, eficacia y eficiencia están obligando a replantear su uso y con alta probabilidad en lo sucesivo será incorporada en los cuadros de toma de decisiones

Objectives: To conduct a literature review of the role of multiparametric MRI ( mMRI ) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and present preliminary data from our series of 233 patients undergoing mRMN and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate biopsy. MATERIAL AND Methods: We performed a PubMed search for those articles that refer to the usefulness of mMRI in the follow-up and monitoring of patients with persistently elevated PSA without previous biopsies, and those with a previous negative biopsy, and assess the power of mRMN for detecting PCa in both the peripheral and the central gland. We present the preliminary results of our series, consisting of 233 patients selected between 2008 and 2011 undergoing mMRI and TRUS-guided prostatic biopsy because of elevated PSA levels or suspicious digital rectal examination. Results: We discuss several articles published from 2003 to 2014. We compare our results with those from the literature. Discussion: The diagnostic algorithm of prostate cancer to date does not include any imaging technique in the decision-making process. The mMRI is a functional imaging technique that provides increasing evidence in deciding which patients should be biopsied and which patients may avoid it despite persisting high levels of PSA. The advantage of this technique lies not only in its high detection rate in intermediate and high risk lesions, but also in its high specificity. It allows us to avoid diagnosing clinically insignificant tumors and thus, avoids overtreatment. Conclusion: The mRMN is a useful technique not yet incorporated in algorithms of prostate cancer diagnosis in urological societies. Its safety, effectiveness and efficiency are forcing to include its progressive use and with high probability will be soon incorporated into the decision-making charts

Individual factors and school-based policies related to adherence to physical activity recommendations in Spanish adolescents.

Our objective was to identify individual- and school-level contextual factors related to adherence to the recommendations for physical activity in adolescents. The study used a representative sample of 15,902 students from 328 schools aged 11-18 years participating in the Spanish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey 2006. In addition to the student questionnaire, the school management board completed a questionnaire about school-based policies related to physical activity. Adherence to the recommendations was defined as "having carried out moderate and/or vigorous physical activity for at least 60 min a day on five or more days during the last week". Analysis was undertaken using multilevel logistic regression models. Individual factors associated in a statistically significant way with a higher non-compliance were: being female; being older; immigrants; tobacco smoking; being overweight or obese; low consumption of fruit and vegetables; low level of satisfaction with life; not having a high level of academic achievement; and spending a lot of time studying. The family variables were: not undertaking sports activities with the family; low socioeconomic status; and a low level of satisfaction with family relationships. Compared with schools that have a low level of policies to promote physical activities, those with a high level of promotion had an odds ratio of 0.76 (CI 95 %, 0.61-0.94). In summary, irrespective of personal and family factors, students from schools with better policies of promotion of physical activity showed a higher compliance with the recommendations.

Physical activity and self-reported health status among adolescents: a cross-sectional population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the dose-response relationship between physical activity and health benefits among young people. Our objective was to analyse the association between the frequency of undertaking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and the self-reported health status of the adolescent population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: All regions of Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Students aged 11-18 years participating in the Spanish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey 2006. A total of 375 schools and 21 188 students were selected. MAIN OUTCOMES: The frequency of undertaking MVPA was measured by a questionnaire, with the following four health indicators: self-rated health, health complaints, satisfaction with life and health-related quality of life. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyse the association, adjusting for potential confounding variables and the modelling of the dose-response relationship. RESULTS: As the frequency of MVPA increased, the association with health benefits was stronger. A linear trend (p<0.05) was found for self-rated health and health complaints in males and females and for satisfaction with life among females; for health-related quality of life this relationship was quadratic for both sexes (p<0.05). For self-reported health and health complaints, the effect was found to be of greater magnitude in males than in females and, in all scales, the benefits were observed from the lowest frequencies of MVPA, especially in males. CONCLUSIONS: A protective effect of MVPA was found in both sexes for the four health indicators studied, and this activity had a gradient effect. Among males, health benefits were detected from very low levels of physical activity and the magnitude of the relationship was greater than that for females.

Prevalence and European comparison of dementia in a ≥75-year-old composite population in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate dementia prevalence in Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine probabilistic and geographically defined samples participated. A screening design based on the MMSE was implemented. Positively screened individuals underwent clinical evaluation. The total number of cases in Spain was estimated. Prevalence was confronted to that of other European countries. RESULTS: Five hundred and forty-six persons aged ≥75 participated, 49 had dementia (35 with Alzheimer's disease [AD], 10 with vascular dementia [VD], 4 other; 25 first diagnosed in the study). Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence and estimated nationwide cases were 7.5% (95% CI 5.4-9.7), 5.6 (95% CI 3.7-7.5) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.5-2.3), and 290,000 (95% CI 208,000-372,000), 214,000 (95% CI 141,000-288,000) and 54,000 (95% CI 20,000-88,000) for dementia, AD and VD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia prevalence in Spain is comparable to other European populations, while a high number of undiagnosed cases live in the community. The potential impact of Mediterranean diet, hypertension control and decreasing vascular risk factors is discussed.

Enucleación prostática con láser de holmio. Experiencia del Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol / Holmium laser enucleation prostate. Experience in Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol

Objetivos: Evaluar la implantación de la enucleación con láser de holmio en nuestro centro incluyendo la curva de aprendizaje de un cirujano mediante el análisis de los pacientes tratados por este método. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 150 procedimientos de manera retrospectiva con un seguimiento medio de 11 meses. Se determinaron preoperatoriamente, así como a los 6 y a los 12 meses, los valores de Q max, IPSS y Qol realizando su análisis estadístico. El PSA fue medido preoperatoriamente, así como a los 3 meses de la cirugía. Se analizaron las complicaciones, así como el tiempo quirúrgico y el tiempo de ingreso hospitalario. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 72,4 años. El tamaño prostático medio fue de 71,3g (18–150 g). Las horas medias de ingreso fueron 22. Los datos de Q max preoperatoria a los 6 y a los 12 meses fueron de 7,53, 23,24 y 21,62ml/s, siendo estadísticamente significativa (p<0,01). La tasa de transfusión fue del 1,3% y la de estenosis de la uretra del 4%. La mejoría del IPSS a los 6 y a los 12 meses también obtuvo significación estadística (p<0,01). Conclusiones: La enucleación con láser de holmio es una técnica segura y eficaz con una tasa de complicaciones inferior a la resección transuretral de próstata, incluso durante la curva de aprendizaje (AU)

Objectives: Evaluate the introduction of the enucleation with Holmium laser in our center, including the surgeon's learning curve by the analysis of the patients. Materials and methods: 150 procedures have been analyzed in a retrospective manner with an average follow-up of 11 months. Qmax, IPSS and Qol have been determined before surgery, at 6 months and 12 months, realizing their statistic analysis. PSA was measured before surgery and after 3 months. Complications, surgical time and hospital stay have been analyzed. Results: Average patient age was 72, 4 years. Average prostatic size was of 71,3gr (18–150). Average hospital stay was of 22h. Qmax before surgery, 6 months, 12 months was of 7,53ml/s, 23,24ml/s and 21,62ml/s being statistically significant (p<0,01). Transfusion rate was of 1,3% and urethral stenosis rate of 4%. IPSS improvement at 6 and 12 months was statistically significant as well (p<0, 01). Conclusions: Enucleation with Holmium laser is a safe and effective technique with lower complication rate than TURP, included during the learning curve (AU)

[Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. Experience in Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol]. / Enucleación prostática con láser de holmio. Experiencia del Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the introduction of the enucleation with Holmium laser in our center, including the surgeon's learning curve by the analysis of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 150 procedures have been analyzed in a retrospective manner with an average follow-up of 11 months. Qmax, IPSS and Qol have been determined before surgery, at 6 months and 12 months, realizing their statistic analysis. PSA was measured before surgery and after 3 months. Complications, surgical time and hospital stay have been analyzed. RESULTS: Average patient age was 72, 4 years. Average prostatic size was of 71,3 gr (18-150). Average hospital stay was of 22 h. Qmax before surgery, 6 months, 12 months was of 7,53 ml/s, 23,24 ml/s and 21,62 ml/s being statistically significant (p<0,01). Transfusion rate was of 1,3% and urethral stenosis rate of 4%. IPSS improvement at 6 and 12 months was statistically significant as well (p<0, 01). CONCLUSIONS: Enucleation with Holmium laser is a safe and effective technique with lower complication rate than TURP, included during the learning curve.