Non-pharmacological treatments for anticipatory nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antiemesis 2023.

BACKGROUND: Anticipatory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a conditioned response influenced by the severity and duration of previous emetic responses to chemotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacologic interventions for anticipatory CINV among patients with cancer. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Ichushi-Web, from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized designs, observational studies, or case-control studies that utilized non-pharmacological therapies were included. The primary outcomes were anticipatory CINV, with an additional investigation into adverse events and the costs of therapies. The risk-of-bias for each study was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software. RESULTS: Of the 107 studies identified, six met the inclusion criteria. Three types of non-pharmacological treatments were identified: systematic desensitization (n = 2), hypnotherapy (n = 2), and yoga therapy (n = 2). Among them, systematic desensitization significantly improved anticipatory CINV as compared to that in the control group (nausea: risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-0.72, p < 0.00001; vomiting: RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32-0.91, p = 0.02). However, heterogeneity in outcome measures precluded meta-analysis for hypnotherapy and yoga. Additionally, most selected studies had a high or unclear risk of bias, and adverse events were not consistently reported. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that systematic desensitization may effectively reduce anticipatory CINV. However, further research is warranted before implementation in clinical settings.

Prognostic Impact of Post-operative Infectious Complications in Gastric Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial, JCOG0501.

PURPOSE: Post-operative infectious complication (IC) is a well-known negative prognostic factor, while showing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may cancel out the negative influence of IC. This analysis compared the clinical impacts of IC according to the presence or absence of NAC in gastric cancer patients enrolled in the phase III clinical trial (JCOG0501) which compared upfront surgery (arm A) and NAC followed by surgery (arm B) in type 4 and large type 3 gastric cancer. METHODS: The subjects were 224 patients who underwent R0 resection out of 316 patients enrolled in JCOG0501. The prognoses of the patients with or without ICs in each arm were investigated by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: There were 21 (20.0%) IC occurrences in arm A and 15 (12.6%) in arm B. In arm A, the overall survival (OS) of patients with ICs was slightly worse than those without IC (3-year OS, 57.1% in patients with ICs, 79.8% in those without ICs; adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.292 (0.655-2.546)). In arm B, patients with ICs showed a trend of better survival than those without ICs (3-year OS, 80.0% in patients with IC, 74.0% in those without IC; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.573 (0.226-1.456)). CONCLUSION: This study could not indicate the negative prognostic influence of ICs in gastric cancer patients receiving NAC, which might be canceled by NAC. To build exact evidence, further investigation with prospective and large numbers of data might be expected.

Shared decision-making support program for older patients with advanced cancer using a question prompt list and geriatric assessment: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Older patients with cancer are less likely to express their treatment preferences than younger patients. Question prompt lists (QPLs) facilitate communication between patients and physicians. Geriatric assessment (GA) is recommended when older patients with cancer make treatment decisions. This study estimated the effect size of a shared decision-making (SDM) support program combining QPLs with GA in terms of patients' subjective evaluation of the SDM process for a future definitive randomized controlled trial. We also evaluated the number and quality of aging-related communication during consultations, and feasibility and acceptability of the study for exploratory purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a pilot study with randomized allocation and blind evaluation. Patients aged 65 years or older at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, scheduled to discuss the changes of their treatment, were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the SDM support program or usual care. This program consisted of 30-60 min of face-to-face coaching, with QPLs and GA provided before the coaching. As the primary endpoint, the decisional conflict scores given by the patients immediately after the consultation were compared between the two groups. For the secondary endpoints, the number and quality of aging-related communications during the consultations were assessed by evaluators (blinded) using audio-recordings. Adherence, burden, and usefulness were assessed for evaluating feasibility and acceptability of the SDM support program. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled. All patients completed the GA questionnaire, for which 70% did not require any individual assistance. Answering the questionnaires took approximately 11 min. The decisional conflict scores were mean [standard deviation (SD)]: 19.3 [10.8] vs. 18.0 [11.1] (effect size: Cohen's d = 0.12) for the SDM support program and usual care groups, respectively. The number of aging-related communications during the consultation for the new treatment was higher in the SDM support program group than the usual care (mean [SD]: 3.3 [1.2] vs. 2.2 [1.5], effect size: cohen's d = 1.32). Patients felt that the SDM support program was useful but not burdensome or difficult. DISCUSSION: The SDM support program was considered useful and feasible for older patients and able to facilitate communication regarding aging-related concerns. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The study protocol was registered on September 23, 2020, in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000041867).

2023 Japan Society of clinical oncology clinical practice guidelines update for antiemesis.

BACKGROUND: The Japan Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antiemesis 2023 was extensively revised to reflect the latest advances in antineoplastic agents, antiemetics, and antineoplastic regimens. This update provides new evidence on the efficacy of antiemetic regimens. METHODS: Guided by the Minds Clinical Practice Guideline Development Manual of 2017, a rigorous approach was used to update the guidelines; a thorough literature search was conducted from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020. RESULTS: Comprehensive process resulted in the creation of 13 background questions (BQs), 12 clinical questions (CQs), and three future research questions (FQs). Moreover, the emetic risk classification was also updated. CONCLUSIONS: The primary goal of the present guidelines is to provide comprehensive information and facilitate informed decision-making, regarding antiemetic therapy, for both patients and healthcare providers.

Clinical impact of skeletal muscle mass change during the neoadjuvant chemotherapy period in patients with gastric cancer: An ancillary study of JCOG1002.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have revealed that sarcopenia is associated with postoperative complications and poor prognosis. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a promising treatment for gastric cancer, its toxicity may lead to the loss of skeletal muscle mass. This study investigates the changes in skeletal muscle mass during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its clinical impact on patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: Fifty patients who completed two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery were included. Skeletal muscle mass was measured using computed tomography images before and after chemotherapy. The proportion of skeletal muscle mass change (%SMC) during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its cutoff value was explored using the receiver operating characteristic for the overall survival of patients undergoing R0 resection. Risk factors of skeletal muscle mass loss were also evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 64% of patients had skeletal muscle mass loss during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (median %SMC -3.4%; range: -18.9% to 10.3%). Multivariable analysis identified older age (≥70 years) as an independent predictor of skeletal muscle mass loss (mean [95% confidence interval]: -4.70% [-8.83 to -0.58], p = 0.026). Among 43 patients undergoing R0 resection, %SMC <-6.9% was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio, 11.53; 95% confidence interval, 2.78-47.80) and relapse-free survival (hazard ratio 4.54, 95% confidence interval 1.50-13.81). CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle mass loss occurs frequently during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer and could adversely affect survival outcomes.

Switching from FOLFIRI plus cetuximab to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab based on early tumor shrinkage in RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: A phase II trial (HYBRID).

BACKGROUND: Long-term anti-EGFR antibody treatment increases the risk of severe dermatologic toxicities. This single-arm, phase II trial aimed to investigate the strategy of switching from cetuximab to bevacizumab in combination with FOLFIRI based on early tumor shrinkage (ETS) in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS: Radiologic assessment was performed to evaluate ETS, defined as ≥20% reduction in the sum of the largest diameters of target lesions 8 weeks after the introduction of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab. ETS-negative patients switched to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab, whereas ETS-positive patients continued FOLFIRI plus cetuximab for eight more weeks, with a switch to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab thereafter. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. RESULTS: This trial was prematurely terminated due to poor accrual after a total enrollment of 30 patients. In 29 eligible patients, 7 were ETS-negative and 22 were ETS-positive. Two ETS-negative patients and 17 ETS-positive patients switched to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab 8 weeks and 16 weeks after initial FOLFIRI plus cetuximab, respectively. Median progression-free and overall survival durations were 13.4 and 34.7 months, respectively. Six (20%) patients experienced grade ≥3 paronychia, which improved to grade ≤2 by 18 weeks. Grade ≥3 acneiform rash, dry skin, and pruritus were not observed in any patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel treatment strategy delivered acceptable survival outcomes and reduced severe dermatologic toxicities.

CRP and soluble CTLA4 are determinants of anti-PD1 resistance in gastrointestinal cancer.

Targeting immune inhibitory checkpoint (IC) pathways have attracted great attention as a promising strategy for treating gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy is low in most cases, and little progress has been made in establishing biomarkers that predict the possible responses, and combination regimens that enhance the therapeutic efficacy. As a predictive biomarker, soluble forms of IC molecules have been recently highlighted. However, little is known about which IC molecules is most critically associated with the treatment resistance, and also about the biological and immunological roles of the IC molecules in GI cancer. In this study, we analyzed sera obtained from advanced gastric cancer patients before and one month after treatment with anti-PD1 nivolumab for soluble IC molecules by ELISA. We found that decrease of soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4) at posttreatment were significantly associated with a better prognosis, and combination with low level of CRP at posttreatment more clearly defined anti-PD1 responders with long-term survival. Indeed, in the in vitro setting, CRP stimulation upregulated CTLA4 expression in tumor cells followed by generation of sCTLA4 that suppressed CTL induction, and simultaneously conferred high self-renewal and invasive abilities on the tumor cells accompanied by increase of EMT-related gene expressions. In the in vivo setting, CRP injection elevated sCTLA4 level in sera of mouse tumor metastasis models, leading to failure of anti-PD1 therapy. However, treatment with anti-CTLA4 mAb or a PPARγ agonist that can reduce in vivo CRP successfully elicited anti-tumor efficacy in the anti-PD1 resistant models. These suggest that targeting CRP and sCTLA4 may be a promising strategy for improving clinical outcomes in the treatments, including anti-PD1 therapy, of GI cancer.

A Phase II Study of FOLFIRI Plus Ziv-Aflibercept After Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Bevacizumab in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: WJOG 11018G.

BACKGROUND: Non-inferiority of trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) plus bevacizumab (BEV) to irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine plus BEV in metastatic colorectal cancer was investigated in the phase III TRUSTY study, and we conducted a phase II study of FOLFIRI (5-FU+leucovorin+irinotecan) plus zib-aflibercept (AFL) after FTD/TPI plus BEV. However, the TRUSTY study failed during the recruitment of our patients. OBJECTIVE: We present the findings of a phase II study on the efficacy of FOLFIRI plus zib-aflibercept (AFL) after FTD/TPI plus BEV, including clinical results with plasma biomarker analyses. METHODS: This was a multicenter, single-arm, phase II study in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory or intolerant to oxaliplatin, fluoropyrimidine, BEV, and FTD/TPI. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. Fifteen plasma angiogenesis-associated biomarkers were analyzed using a Luminex® multiplex assay U-kit. RESULTS: Between January 2020 and May 2022, 26 patients (median age, 68 years) from 15 sites were enrolled. The median progression-free survival was 4.9 months (85% confidence interval, 3.4 month-not estimated). The overall response and disease control rates were 8% and 62%, respectively. The median levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and placental growth factor, both targets of AFL, were below the measurable limit of 30 pg/mL and 16 pg/mL, respectively. Patients were divided into two groups at the median levels of baseline biomarkers. The progression-free survival did not differ between high and low expressers of placental growth factor (p = 0.7), while it tended to be shorter in those with high levels of osteopontin (p = 0.05), angiopoietin-2 (p = 0.07), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not meet the primary endpoint. Hence, FOLFIRI plus AFL should not be used after FTD/TPI plus BEV for metastatic colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to determine factors not targeted by AFL that may affect the efficacy of the treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs041190100.

Risk factors for abdominal surgical infectious complications after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial (JCOG0912).

BACKGROUND: Abdominal surgical infectious complications (ASIC) after gastrectomy for gastric cancer impair patients' survival and quality of life. JCOG0912 was conducted to compare laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with open distal gastrectomy for clinical stage IA or IB gastric cancer. The present study aimed to identify risk factors for ASIC using prospectively collected data. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the risk factors for ASIC using the dataset from JCOG0912. All complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CD). ASIC was defined as CD grade I or higher anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, abdominal abscess, and wound infection. Analyses were performed using the logistic regression model for univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: A total of 910 patients were included (median age, 63 years; male sex, 61 %). Among them, ASIC occurred in 5.8 % of patients. In the univariable analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.855, P = 0.003), diabetes (OR 2.565, P = 0.029), and Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction (vs. Billroth Ⅰ, OR 2.707, P = 0.002) were significant risk factors for ASIC. In the multivariable analysis, male sex (OR 2.364, P = 0.028) and R-Y reconstruction (vs. Billroth Ⅰ, OR 2.310, P = 0.015) were independent risk factors for ASIC. CONCLUSIONS: Male sex and R-Y reconstruction were risk factors for ASIC after distal gastrectomy. Therefore, when performing surgery on male patients or when R-Y reconstruction is selected after gastrectomy for gastric cancer, surgeons should pay special attention to prevent ASIC.

Short-term outcomes of preoperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis (JCOG1704).

BACKGROUND: The prognosis for marginally resectable gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis (ELM) remains unfavorable, even after R0 resection. To assess the safety and efficacy of preoperative docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 (DOS), we conducted a multicenter phase II trial. METHODS: Eligibility criteria included histologically proven HER2-negative gastric adenocarcinoma with bulky nodal (bulky N) involvement around major branched arteries or para-aortic node (PAN) metastases. Patients received three cycles of docetaxel (40 mg/m2, day 1), oxaliplatin (100 mg/m2, day 1), and S-1 (80-120 mg/body, days 1-14), followed by gastrectomy with D2 plus PAN dissection. Subsequently, patients underwent postoperative chemotherapy with S-1 for 1 year. The primary endpoint was major (grade ≥ 2a) pathological response rate (pRR) according to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma criteria. RESULTS: Between October 2018 and March 2022, 47 patients (bulky N, 20; PAN, 17; both, 10) were enrolled in the trial. One patient was ineligible. Another declined any protocol treatments before initiation. Among the 45 eligible patients who initiated DOS chemotherapy, 44 (98%) completed 3 cycles and 42 (93%) underwent R0 resection. Major pRR and pathological complete response rates among the 46 eligible patients, including the patient who declined treatment, were 57% (26/46) and 24% (11/46), respectively. Common grade 3 or 4 toxicities were neutropenia (24%), anorexia (16%), febrile neutropenia (9%), and diarrhea (9%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative chemotherapy with DOS yielded favorable pathological responses with an acceptable toxicity profile. This multimodal approach is highly promising for treating gastric cancer with ELM.

Early endpoints of a randomized phase II trial of preoperative chemotherapy with S-1/CDDP with or without trastuzumab followed by surgery for HER2-positive resectable gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1301C (Trigger Study).

BACKGROUND: This randomized phase II study explored the superiority of trastuzumab plus S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) over SP alone as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for HER2-positive resectable gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis. METHODS: Eligible patients with HER2-positive gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer and extensive lymph node metastasis were randomized to receive three or four courses of preoperative chemotherapy with SP (arm A) or SP plus trastuzumab (arm B). Following gastrectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 was administered for 1 year in both arms. The primary endpoint was overall survival, and the sample size was 130 patients in total. The trial is registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, jRCTs031180006. RESULTS: This report elucidates the early endpoints, including pathological findings and safety. The study was terminated early due to slow patient accruals. In total, 46 patients were allocated to arm A (n = 22) and arm B (n = 24). NAC was completed in 20 patients (91%) in arm A and 23 patients (96%) in arm B, with similar incidences of grade 3-4 hematological and non-hematological adverse events. Objective response rates were 50% in arm A and 84% in arm B (p = 0·065). %R0 resection rates were 91% and 92%, and pathological response rates (≥ grade 1b in Japanese classification) were 23% and 50% (p = 0·072) in resected patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Trastuzumab can be safely added to platinum-containing doublet chemotherapy as NAC, and it has the potential to contribute to higher antitumor activity against locally advanced, HER2-positive gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer with extensive nodal metastasis.

Rivoceranib, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, monotherapy in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (ANGEL study): an international, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Rivoceranib is an oral, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. ANGEL (NCT03042611) was a global, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study evaluating rivoceranib as 3rd-line or ≥4th-line therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. METHODS: Patients had failed ≥2 lines of chemotherapy and were randomized 2:1 to rivoceranib 700 mg once daily or placebo with best supportive care. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: overall survival (OS) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary endpoints: progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) by blinded independent central review (BICR). RESULTS: In total, 460 patients (rivoceranib n = 308, placebo n = 152) were enrolled. OS was not statistically different for rivoceranib versus placebo (median 5.78 vs. 5.13 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.74-1.15; p = 0.4724). PFS by BICR (median 2.83 vs. 1.77 months; HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47-0.71; p < 0.0001), ORR (6.5% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.0119), and DCR (40.3 vs. 13.2%; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. In patients receiving ≥4th-line therapy, OS (median 6.34 vs. 4.73 months; p = 0.0192) and PFS by BICR (median 3.52 vs. 1.71 months; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events with rivoceranib were hypertension (17.9%), anemia (10.4%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (9.4%), asthenia (8.5%), and proteinuria (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not meet its primary OS endpoint. Compared to placebo, rivoceranib improved PFS, ORR, and DCR. Rivoceranib also improved OS in a prespecified patient subgroup receiving ≥4th-line therapy.

Long-term outcomes after non-curative endoscopic resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma followed by additional chemoradiotherapy.

Endoscopic resection (ER) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is evaluated pathologically, and additional treatment is recommended for cases resulting in non-curative resection, defined as pMM with lymphovascular invasion (LVI), pSM, or positive vertical margin. This study aimed to assess long-term outcomes and risk factors for recurrence in patients with ESCC treated with non-curative ER followed by additional chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We retrospectively reviewed the clinical courses of patients who underwent non-curative ER followed by additional CRT for ESCCs between August 2007 and December 2017. Recurrence rates and risk factors for recurrence were analyzed. Among 97 patients with non-curative ER, 73 underwent additional CRT. With a median follow-up period of 71 months, recurrences were observed in 10 (14%) of 73 patients, with a median interval of 24.5 (1-59 months). The 3- and 5-year recurrence-free survival were 89 and 85%, respectively, and the 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 96 and 91%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that lymphatic invasion was an independent risk factor for recurrence in patients with non-curative ESCC receiving additional CRT. Among the 10 patients with recurrence, 4, 3, 2, and 1 underwent surgery, chemotherapy, supportive care, and CRT, respectively. Notably, all four patients who underwent surgery survived, regardless of regional and/or distant lymph node metastasis. Lymphatic invasion is an independent risk factor for the recurrence of non-curative ESCCs. Careful follow-up is required for at least 5 years after ER with additional CRT.

Protocol digest of a randomized controlled adaptive Phase II/III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Japanese patients with oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG2203 (NEO-JPEG).

Treatment strategies for oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma have not been standardized despite its poor prognosis due to differences in the incidence rates between Western countries and Asia. This randomized Phase II/III trial was initiated in June 2023 to determine which neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen, docetaxel, oxaliplatin and S-1 or fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and docetaxel, is a more promising treatment in Phase II and confirm the superiority of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin and S-1 or fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and docetaxel followed by surgery and postoperative chemotherapy over upfront surgery and postoperative chemotherapy in terms of overall survival in patients with Clinical Stage III or IVA oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma in Phase III. A total of 460 patients, including 150 patients in Phase II and 310 patients in Phase III, are planned to be enrolled from 85 hospitals in Japan over 5 years. This trial has been registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials as jRCTs031230182 (https://jrct.niph.go.jp/latest-detail/jRCTs031230182).

5-year follow-up results of a JCOG1104 (OPAS-1) phase III non-inferiority trial to compare 4 courses and 8 courses of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy for pathological stage II gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 for 1 year (corresponding to eight courses) is the standard treatment for pathological stage II gastric cancer. The phase III trial (JCOG1104) investigating the non-inferiority of four courses of S-1 to eight courses was terminated due to futility at the first interim analysis. To confirm the primary results, we reported the results after a 5-years follow-up in JCOG1104. METHODS: Patients histologically diagnosed with stage II gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy were randomly assigned to receive S-1 for eight or four courses. In detail, 80 mg/m2/day S-1 was administered for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest as a single course. RESULTS: Between February 16, 2012, and March 19, 2017, 590 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to 8-course (295 patients) and 4-course (295 patients) regimens. After a 5-years follow-up, the relapse-free survival at 3 years was 92.2% for the 8-course arm and 90.1% for the 4-course arm, and that at 5 years was 87.7% for the 8-course arm and 85.6% for the 4-course arm (hazard ratio 1.265, 95% CI 0.846-1.892). The overall survival at 3 years was 94.9% for the 8-course arm, 93.2% for the 4-course arm, and that at 5 years was 89.7% for the 8-course arm, and 88.6% for the 4-course arm (HR 1.121, 95% CI 0.719-1.749). CONCLUSIONS: The survival of the four-course arm was slightly but consistently inferior to that of the eight-course arm. Eight-course S-1 should thus remain the standard adjuvant chemotherapy for pathological stage II gastric cancer.

Refractory Intestinal Behçet-Like Disease Associated with Trisomy 8 Myelodysplastic Syndrome Resolved by Parenteral Nutrition.

Intestinal Behçet disease (BD), associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), is often refractory to treatment. An 80-year-old man with trisomy 8 MDS (refractory anemia) developed intermittent fever. Despite investigations to exclude infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and malignancy as the cause of the fever, the etiology could not be determined. A colonoscopy revealed several shallow round ulcers in the ileocecal region and ascending colon, and the biopsy specimens showed nonspecific inflammation. Thereafter, the patient experienced abdominal pain and diarrhea. Other than an oral aphthous ulcer, the patient did not show symptoms to meet the diagnostic criteria for BD. The patient was diagnosed with intestinal ulcers (intestinal BD-like disease) with MDS and trisomy 8. After treatment failure with 5-aminosalicylic acid, steroid, colchicine, and azacitidine, cerebral infarction occurred. Eating was difficult because of the patient's impaired consciousness; hence, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was commenced. The fever and abdominal symptoms improved with bowel rest over approximately 1 month. Small amounts of food were orally administered to the patient following recovery from the after-effects of the cerebral infarction, but diarrhea and fever repeatedly flared up. Therefore, TPN was continued at home. The patient has not experienced any further intestinal BD symptoms for approximately 1 year with bowel rest. Nutritional therapy, including bowel rest, may be an effective treatment option for intestinal BD with MDS, and might be used as an induction therapy of remission or a supportive therapy for other treatments.

Randomized controlled phase III trial to investigate superiority of robot-assisted gastrectomy over laparoscopic gastrectomy for clinical stage T1-4aN0-3 gastric cancer patients (JCOG1907, MONA LISA study): a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) is considered a standard treatment for clinical stage I gastric cancer. Nevertheless, LG has some drawbacks, such as motion restriction and difficulties in spatial perception. Robot-assisted gastrectomy (RG) overcomes these drawbacks by using articulated forceps, tremor-filtering capability, and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, and it is expected to enable more precise and safer procedures than LG for gastric cancer. However, robust evidence based on a large-scale randomized study is lacking. METHODS: We are performing a randomized controlled phase III study to investigate the superiority of RG over LG for clinical T1-2N0-2 gastric cancer in terms of safety. In total, 1,040 patients are planned to be enrolled from 46 Japanese institutions over 5 years. The primary endpoint is the incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal infectious complications, including anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, and intra-abdominal abscess of Clavien-Dindo (CD) grade ≥ II. The secondary endpoints are the incidence of all CD grade ≥ II and ≥ IIIA postoperative complications, the incidence of CD grade ≥ IIIA postoperative intra-abdominal infectious complications, relapse-free survival, overall survival, the proportion of RG completion, the proportion of LG completion, the proportion of conversion to open surgery, the proportion of operation-related death, and short-term surgical outcomes. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group Protocol Review Committee approved this study protocol in January 2020. Approval from the institutional review board was obtained before starting patient enrollment in each institution. Patient enrollment began in March 2020. We revised the protocol to expand the eligibility criteria to T1-4aN0-3 in July 2022 based on the results of randomized trials of LG demonstrating non-inferiority of LG to open surgery for survival outcomes in advanced gastric cancer. DISCUSSION: This is the first multicenter randomized controlled trial to confirm the superiority of RG over LG in terms of safety. This study will demonstrate whether RG is superior for gastric cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol of JCOG1907 was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000039825 ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm ). Date of Registration: March 16, 2020. Date of First Participant Enrollment: April 1, 2020.

Randomized phase II study comparing neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin/docetaxel versus docetaxel/oxaliplatin/S-1 for patients with type 4 or large type 3 gastric cancer.

Macroscopic type 4 and large type 3 gastric cancer, mostly overlapping with scirrhous or linitis plastica type, exhibit a highly invasive nature and show unfavorable prognosis after curative surgery, even with adjuvant chemotherapy. A randomized phase III trial (JCOG0501) failed to demonstrate a survival advantage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin for this population. The current authors initiated a randomized phase II study comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin/docetaxel versus docetaxel/oxaliplatin/S-1 for type 4 and large type 3 gastric cancer. 76 patients are planned to be enrolled over two years. The primary end point is the proportion of patients with a pathological response (grade 1b or higher) and secondary end points include overall survival and adverse events. Clinical Trial Registration: jRCTs031230231 (rctportal.niph.go.jp).

Role of reduction gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor: Supplementary analysis of REGATTA trial.

Background: REGATTA trial failed to demonstrate the survival benefit of reduction gastrectomy in patients with advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor. However, a significant interaction was found between the treatment effect and tumor location in the subset analysis. Additionally, the treatment effect appeared to be different between Japan and Korea. This supplementary analysis aimed to elucidate the effect of reduction surgery based on tumor location and country. Methods: Multivariable Cox regression analyses in each subgroup were performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HRadj), including the following variables as explanatory variables: country, age, sex, incurable factor, cT, cN, primary tumor, performance status, histological type, and macroscopic type. Results: Patients (95 in Japan and 80 in Korea) were randomized to chemotherapy alone (86 patients) or gastrectomy plus chemotherapy (89 patients). The subgroup analysis according to the country revealed a worse overall survival in gastrectomy plus chemotherapy arm in Japan (hazard ratio: 1.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.85-2.05), but not in Korea (hazard ratio: 0.85.95% confidence interval: 0.52-1.40). Overall survival was better in distal gastrectomy plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-1.13), and worse in total gastrectomy plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.93-1.94), which was more remarkable in Korea than in Japan. Conclusions: Primary chemotherapy is a standard of care for advanced gastric cancer; however, the survival benefits from reduction by distal gastrectomy remained controversial.

Randomised phase II trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) plus ramucirumab (RAM) versus trifluridine/tipiracil for previously treated patients with advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (RETRIEVE study, WJOG15822G).

BACKGROUND: Trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) prolongs survival in the third- or later-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer (GC), esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer. While single-arm phase II trials showed promising outcomes of FTD/TPI plus ramucirumab (RAM) as third- or later-line treatments for advanced GC or EGJ cancer, there have been no clinical trials to directly compare FTD/TPI plus RAM with FTD/TPI monotherapy. Therefore, we have started a randomised phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FTD/TPI plus RAM compared with FTD/TPI monotherapy as third- or later-line treatments in patients with advanced GC and EGJ adenocarcinoma. METHODS: This RETREVE trial (WJOG15822G) is a prospective, open-label, randomised, multicentre phase II trial comparing FTD/TPI plus RAM versus FTD/TPI monotherapy in a third- or later-line setting. Eligibility criteria include age of > 20 years; performance status of 0 or 1; unresectable or recurrent gastric or EGJ adenocarcinoma; confirmed HER2 status; refractory or intolerant to fluoropyrimidine, taxane or irinotecan; refractory to RAM (not intolerant); and at least a measurable lesion per RECIST 1.1. FTD/TPI (35 mg/m2 twice daily, evening of day 1 to morning of day 6 and evening of day 8 to morning of day 13) was administered orally every 4 weeks, and RAM (8 mg/kg) was administered intravenously every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary endpoints are overall survival, objective response rate, disease control rate, and safety. The expected hazard ratio of PFS is set as 0.7, assuming 4-month PFS rate of 27% in FTD/TPI monotherapy and 40% in FTD/TPI plus RAM. The number of subjects was 110, with a one-sided alpha error of 0.10 and power of 0.70. DISCUSSION: This study will clarify the additional effect of RAM continuation beyond disease progression on FTD/TPI in the third- or later-line setting for patients with advanced GC or EGJ cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs041220120.