[Foot arch shape in children aged 2-5 years according to the data of plantography and holographic interferometry].

25 children aged 2 to 5 years were examined orthopedically using the methods of plantometry and holographic interferometry of three-dimensional casts of footprints. The computer maps of the foot arch surface were obtained and the graphic reconstruction of the arch shape was performed in normal cases and in children with flatfoot. Most significant deviations of the foot arch shape, probably associated with the development delay, were detected in 4-5-year-old children under the dynamic load. Some additional advantages of holographic interferometry for the early diagnosis of flatfoot in children were demonstrated.

[Variants of anatomical structure of lower-limb veins as a possible cause of the development of primary varicosity].

In order to reveal anatomical prerequisites for the development of primary varicose veins we investigated the structure of the venous system on a total of 53 adult human cadaveric lower extremities. Congenital morphological grounds providing the phlebohaemodynemics of the lower limbs are ambiguous in different individual forms. We revealed a total of 18 variants of the structure of deep veins, reflecting various stages of the embryonic development. In 34.1% of cases we saw the forms characteristic of incomplete reduction and unfinished transformation, with 30.2% of cases showing the utmost degree of reduction and transformation. An inadequate outflow along the deep veins conditioned by their anatomical structure is a prerequisite for the development of valvular insufficiency and venous reflux to the superficial veins followed by varicose transformation thereof

[Certain problems of teaching operative surgery and topographic anatomy].

The article presents a discussion of different methods of teaching operative surgery and topographic anatomy in medical colleges (prediploma training) and education after diploma.

[The place and the role of topographic and clinical anatomy in the modern system of higher medical education].

Modern data on studying and teaching topographic and clinical anatomy in Russia and in the foreign countries at the boundary between the XX and the XXI centuries are analyzed. Definitions of some concepts are given; methodological and organizational bases of studying topographic and clinical anatomy are examined in historical aspect. Various approaches to the teaching and studying of these disciplines in different countries, are demonstrated. Special attention is given to the use of new technologies in teaching; the experience of virtual mode of studying of applied anatomy and surgical techniques is critically evaluated. Article presents author's own opinion and analyzes the conceptions of the foreign authors on the necessity of rational combination of computer and other modem technologies with traditional methods of work using biological materials and experiments on laboratory animals. The longstanding experience of the departments of operative surgery and clinical anatomy is summarized and the benefits of the national system of teaching of applied (topographic and clinical) anatomy are shown. Modem tendencies and priorities in the development of topographic and clinical anatomy are demonstrated.

[Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the femoral head in experimental necrosis and after incomplete occlusion of the femoral artery]. / Morfologicheskaia i morfometricheskaia kharakteristika golovki bedrennoi kosti pri ee éksperimental'nom nekroze i nepolnoi okkliuzii bedrennoi arterii.

Partial occlusion (by 70-80%) of the femoral artery (FA) below its bifurcation with the deep femoral one was created in 15 dogs 6 months after modeling of aseptic necrosis of femoral head (FH). The dynamics of local circulation was evaluated using the methods of hydrogen clearance, angiography, flowmetry, polarography and mingography. FA and neighboring vessels as well as FH bone tissue were studied using histological, histochemical and morphometric methods. It was found that partial occlusion of FA below its bifurcation with the deep femoral branch resulted after 180-240 days in a redistribution of blood flow in favor of the latter along with a formation of collateral vessel widening as well as in the change in the circulation vector in the direction of the hip joint. This contributed to FH revascularization after modeling of its traumatic aseptic necrosis. The results of the morphological analysis indicate the activation of osteogenesis and gradual replacement of the necrotic area in FH with a newly formed osseous tissue and are suggestive of possible application of this method for clinical use.

[On technique of surgical treatment of extravasal stenosis of the celiac plexus]. / K technike khirurgicheskogo lecheniia ékstravazal'nykh stenozov chrevnogo stvola.

Under analysis were the results of intraoperative observations during surgical treatment of 243 patients with extravasal stenosis of the celiac trunk. Special attention was given to anatomical correlation of the celiac trunk, celiac plexus, median arcuate ligament and median crura of the diaphragm involved in the compression of the celiac trunk. For the development and substantiation of optimal methods of decompression of the celiac trunk 106 anatomical preparations were investigated. The variants of the anterior diaphragm arteries and of the celiac trunk vessels were revealed whose injuries can result in intraoperative bleedings. Different variants of the operative technique depending on the anatomical conditions are proposed.

[Individual variability in the topography of the thoracic duct and its significance for the treatment of chylothorax by a video endosurgical method]. / Individual'naia izmenchivost' topografii grudnogo protoka i ee znachenie dlia lecheniia khilotoraksa videoéndokhirurgicheskim metodom.

A possibility for clipping the ends of the damaged thoracic duct in chylothorax treatment by video endosurgical method was supported by the experiment performed in 10 dogs and topographoanatomical study carried out in 158 corpses of adults. The correlation found allows to forecast the possible position of thoracic region of the thoracic duct both by the thoracic cage shape and topography of the adjacent large anatomic elements.

[Anatomic characteristics of relatively inaccessible zones of thoracic duct and principles for improving surgical approaches]. / Anatomicheskie kharakteristiki zon otnositel'noi nedostupnosti grudnogo protoka i printsipy ulucheniia operativnykh podkhodov.

The analysis of data obtained from investigation of 158 cadavers of adults with the use of complex of anatomic methods and from experiments on video-endosurgical installation revealed that the following ways should be combined to expose thoracic duct relatively inaccessible zones: a method of opened access to thoracic duct using high traumatism elements (clavicotomy and pericardium dissection), video-endosurgical method of access to thoracic duct regions located on the bottom of infundibular recess and use of mechanical clipping for faster block of thoracic duct lumen.

[A system of measuring surface relief and elasticity of the skin]. / Sistema dlia izmereniia rel'efa poverkhnosti i uprugosti kozhi.

An opticoelectronic system for measurement of a surface microprofile and elasticity of the skin in real time has been developed operating with a source of radiation having small time coherence. The frequency of measurement is 120 Hz, accuracy at least 3 microns. The system can be used for anthropological inspections, study of age and pathological changes in the skin.

[The variability in the interrelations of the terminal portions of the thoracic duct and the left vertebral vein and its importance in applying a lymphovenous anastomosis]. / Izmenchivost' vzaimootnoshenii terminal'nykh otdelov grudnogo protoka i levoi pozvonochnoi veny i ee znachenie dlia nalozheniia limfovenoznogo anastomoza.

Peculiarities of interrelations between the thoracic duct terminal regions and left vertebral vein were studied in 158 human cadavers. In case of long and thin neck trunks of the thoracic duct and vertebral vein ere established not to adjoin. Here a lympho-venous end-to-side anastomosis may be applied in vertebral vein mobilization. In short and thick neck intercrossing of the trunks was observed. In this case any type of lympho-venous anastomosis may be applied.