ABSTRACT
RATIONALE: The American Thoracic Society guidelines (1999) for methacholine challenge tests (MCTs) using the 2-minute tidal breathing protocol were developed for the now-obsolete English-Wright (EW) nebulizer. In addition, the guideline recommendation to use the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% drop in FEV1 (PC20) rather than the provocative dose of methacholine causing a 20% drop in FEV1 (PD20) for determining the level of bronchial hyperresponsiveness has been challenged. OBJECTIVES: To determine if cumulative dose or concentration of methacholine delivered to the airways is the determinant for airway responsiveness and to validate use of the AeroEclipse* II BAN (Aero; Trudell Medical International, London, ON, Canada) nebulizer compared with use of the reference standard EW nebulizer. METHODS: Subjects with asthma (10-18 yr old) participated in randomized, controlled cross-over experiments comparing four MCT protocols using standard methacholine concentrations, but varying: (1) methacholine starting concentration (testing for cumulative effect); (2) nebulizer (EW versus Aero); and (3) inhalation time. PD20 was calculated using nebulizer output rate, inhalation time, and preceding doses delivered. ANOVA analyses were used to compare geometric means of PC20 and PD20 between protocols. RESULTS: A total of 32 subjects (17 male) participated. PC20 differed when starting concentration varied (0.46 vs. 0.80 mg/ml; P<0.0001), whereas PD20 did not (0.06 vs. 0.08 mg). PC20 differed with the EW versus the Aero nebulzer with 30-second inhalation (1.19 vs. 0.43 mg/ml; P=0.0006) and the EW versus the Aero nebulizer with 20-second inhalation (1.91 vs. 0.89 mg/ml; P=0.0027), whereas PD20 did not (0.07 vs. 0.06 mg and 0.11 vs. 0.09 mg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In MCTs, the cumulative dose (PD20), not the PC20, determines bronchial responsiveness. Modern nebulizers may be used for the test if clinical interpretation is based on PD20. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01288482).
Subject(s)
Asthma/diagnosis , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/diagnosis , Forced Expiratory Volume/drug effects , Methacholine Chloride/administration & dosage , Administration, Inhalation , Adolescent , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/physiopathology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Bronchoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Over Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Nebulizers and VaporizersABSTRACT
Objective. To review the critical care course of children receiving orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods. A retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the pediatric critical care following OLT performed in our center between 1988 and 2011. Results. A total of 149 transplants in 145 patients with a median age of 2.7 (IQR 0.9-7) years were analyzed. Mortality in the first 28 days was 8%. The median length of stay (LOS) was 7 (4.0-12.0) days. The median length of mechanical ventilation (MV) was 3 (1.0-6.2) days. Open abdomen, age, and oxygenation index on the 2nd day predicted LOS. Open abdomen, age, amount of blood transfused during surgery, and PRISM III predicted length of MV. 28% of patients had infection and 24% developed acute rejection. In recent group (2000-2011) OLT was performed in younger patients; the risk of infection and acute rejection was reduced and patients required longer LOS and MV compared with old group (1988-1999). Conclusion. The postoperative course of children after OLT is associated with multiple complications. In recent years OLT was performed in younger children; living donors were more common; the rate of postoperative infection and suspected rejection was reduced significantly; however patients required longer MV and LOS in the PCCU.
