ABSTRACT
Banana fertilization practices aim to increase agricultural yield and the effects of these practices on fruit components have not been well explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phosphate fertilizer levels on production parameters and accumulation of dry matter, phosphorus, starch and resistant starch in green fruits. Four banana genotypes were cultivated under the same cultural practices, with varying levels of phosphate fertilizers during three production cycles. Bunches were harvested and evaluated for total fruit mass, average finger mass and yield. Fresh green fruit pulps were analyzed for dry matter, phosphorus, starch and resistant starch content. The results showed that the effects of phosphate fertilizer were genotype dependent and that the increase of P2O5 rates applied in banana fertilization promoted an increase in fruit production with higher levels of phosphorus, starch and resistant starch.
Subject(s)
Fertilizers , Fruit , Genotype , Musa , Starch , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/genetics , Fruit/metabolism , Musa/genetics , Musa/growth & development , Phosphorus/pharmacology , Starch/chemistry , Starch/genetics , Starch/metabolismABSTRACT
The unripe banana has been studied as a potential source of starch for use in various applications. Considering the importance of phosphorus in the biosynthesis of the starch and also the interference of this mineral in starch properties, in this study it was evaluated the effect of rates of phosphate fertilizer applied in the cultivation of 'Maçã' banana on the characteristics of the starch. Starches extracted from fruits from different treatments were analyzed for morphological characteristics, X-ray diffraction pattern, relative crystallinity, granule size, amylose, resistant starch and phosphorus levels, as well as, for pasting and thermal properties. Results showed that the phosphate fertilization has interference on the characteristics of the banana starch led to increase of phosphorus content and size of the granules, reduction of crystallinity and resistant starch content, decrease of viscosity peak, breakdown, final viscosity, setback, transitions temperatures and enthalpy. These changes caused by phosphate fertilizer conditions can be increase the applications of the 'Maçã' banana starch.
Subject(s)
Fertilizers , Musa/chemistry , Phosphates/pharmacology , Starch/chemistry , Amylose/chemistry , Crystallization , Starch/ultrastructure , Temperature , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Mango is quite popular among tropical fruits, and has traits of a fast-expanding market. There is a huge variety of mango cultivars and their potential should be studied in order to be introduced in new producing regions with favourable edaphoclimatic characteristics for planting. The current study aimed to evaluate mango productive performance under subtropical conditions in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment was conducted with 'Espada Vermelha', 'Keitt' and 'Palmer' cultivars grafted onto rootstock 'Espada' over three crop cycles 2012-2013, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, consisting of 3x3 factorial design, in which the first factor corresponds to the cultivars and the second factor to the evaluated crop cycles, with 10 replications and one plant per plot. The following variables were evaluated: number of fruits per panicle, number of fruits per plant, panicles percentage to the full aborted fruits, fruit fresh weight, production, yield, canopy volume, production efficiency and crop seasonality. Data analysis by Tukey test and Pearson´s correlation coefficients. Among the evaluated cultivars, Palmer has stood out with the best productive performance under the experiment conditions in the three evaluated crop cycles. The seasonal availability of cultivars should be explored so that there are fruit productions over a longer period of time. Correlations among productive traits varies according to the cultivar.
A manga é uma das frutas tropicais mais apreciadas e seu mercado está em expansão. Existe uma grande variedade de cultivares de mangueira e seu potencial deve ser estudado, sendo importante a introdução do cultivo desta frutífera em novas regiões produtoras, principalmente em locais que apresentem características edafoclimáticas favoráveis para seu cultivo. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho produtivo de três cultivares de mangueira nas condições subtropicais do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em três ciclos agrícolas, (2012-2013, 2013-2014 e 2014-2015) com as cultivares Espada Vermelha, Keitt e Palmer enxertadas sobre a cultivar Espada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com esquema fatorial 3 x 3, em que o primeiro fator corresponde às cultivares e o segundo fator aos ciclos agrícolas avaliados. Utilizaram-se 10 repetições e uma planta por parcela. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: número de frutos por panícula, número de frutos por planta, porcentagem de panículas com abortamento total de frutos, massa fresca do fruto, produção, produtividade, volume da copa, eficiência produtiva e sazonalidade de colheita. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio do teste Tukey e correlação de Pearson. Dentre as cultivares avaliadas a Palmer destaca-se com o melhor desempenho produtivo independente do ciclo agrícola avaliado. As correlações entre as características produtivas avaliadas variam conforme a cultivar.
Subject(s)
Seasons , Crop Production , MangiferaABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da época de coleta de ramos, genótipo e concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas de Camellia sinensis L. Para tal, foram coletados ramos dos genótipos IAC 259, F 15 e Comum, em Pariquera-Açu, SP, Brasil, no inverno, primavera, verão e outono. Em seguida, foram preparadas estacas que foram tratadas com AIB (0, 2.000, 4.000, 6.000 e 8.000 e 10.000mg L-1), plantadas em vermiculita e mantidas em viveiro sob 70 por cento de sombreamento e irrigação periódica. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x3x6 (quatro épocas, três genótipos e seis concentrações de AIB), com quatro repetições de oito estacas. A época ideal para se coletar os ramos foi o inverno. Estacas coletadas no inverno apresentaram mortalidade média de 41 por cento, enquanto nas estacas vivas o enraizamento médio foi de 66 por cento, influenciado apenas pelo genótipo, todas apresentaram brotações e apenas 32 por cento apresentaram calos. O AIB influenciou o número e o comprimento das raízes formadas em estacas no inverno. Na primavera, apesar da menor mortalidade (31 por cento), apenas 0,34 por cento das estacas vivas apresentaram raiz e 49 por cento brotação, enquanto 97 por cento das estacas apresentaram calo. No verão e outono a mortalidade das estacas foi extremamente alta, respectivamente, 93 e 81 por cento das estacas.
The experiment was 2 carried out to evaluate the effect of cutting collection time, genotype and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting of Camellia sinensis L. cuttings. For such, stems were collected from three genotypes, IAC 259, F 15 and Comum, plants grown in Pariquera-Açu, São Paulo, Brazil, in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Cuttings were prepared and treated with IBA (0, 2.000, 4.000, 6.000 and 8.000 e 10.000mg L-1), planted in vermiculite and kept in greenhouse under 70 percent shading and periodic irrigation. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 4x3x6 (four times, three genotypes and six concentrations of IBA) with four replicates of eight cuttings. The ideal time to cutting collection was in the winter. Cuttings collected in winter showed average mortality of 41 percent. In the live cuttings the rooting medium was of 66 percent, influenced only by the genotype. All had shoots and only 32 percent had callus. The IBA influenced the number and length of roots in cuttings in winter. In the spring, despite the lower mortality (31 percent), only 0.34 percent and 49 percent of the live cuttings showed root and shoot respectively, while 97 percent of the cuttings showed callus. In summer and autumn mortality was extremely high representing 93 and 81 percent of the cuttings, respectively.
