ABSTRACT
The action of retinoic acid (RA) in normal development and differentiation is mediated by changes in the expression of RA-responsive target genes. We used differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify RA-responsive genes expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells and found that murine folate receptor-alpha (FR-alpha) expression is rapidly induced by RA treatment. The observed increase in FR-alpha expression occurs within 3h, is independent of protein synthesis and does not occur when ES cells are differentiated by removal of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), evidence that the response to RA is both direct and specific. Two messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms of FR-alpha featuring novel sequence in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) were cloned, and both were found to be upregulated by RA. Other splice variants in both the 5' UTR and 3' UTR of FR-alpha mRNA were also identified. There is a striking similarity between these splicing patterns and those reported for human FR-alpha, which also generates multiple isoforms by alternative splicing in the 5' and 3' UTR. The conservation of these splicing patterns in the non-coding regions of the FR-alpha gene between mouse and human suggests that these regions, and in particular the 5' UTR, play an important role in regulating expression of this gene.
Subject(s)
Alternative Splicing/genetics , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface , Tretinoin/pharmacology , 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics , 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cloning, Molecular , Folate Receptor 1 , Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Lymphokines/pharmacology , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Isoforms/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Stem Cells/metabolism , Time Factors , Up-RegulationSubject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Psychotherapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Child , Humans , Relaxation Therapy , Risk Factors , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in treating attention-deficit-hyperactivity by certified psychologist and physicians. The 7 boys and 4 girls were enrolled in a Special Day classroom for hyperkinesis and behavior problems and were being given methylphenidate (Ritalin). Three attempts were made to hypnotize these subjects; however, the group had to be reduced from 11 to 3 and finally, from 3 to a single child to be successful. A significant improvement from pre- and post-hypnotic sessions was noted.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Hypnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/therapy , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Lorazepam/administration & dosage , Metoclopramide/administration & dosage , Vomiting/prevention & control , Cisplatin/adverse effects , Dacarbazine/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Lorazepam/therapeutic use , Male , Metoclopramide/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Vomiting/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Compared three groups of black, white, and Mexican-American delinquent and nondelinquent males, aged 11 to 18, on measures of self-concept, self-esteem, and ordinal position by groups (N = 135). Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Chi-square test. Significant main effects were found with respect to delinquency, self-concept, and self-esteem. A significant interaction was present for delinquency and ethnicity for both self-concept and self-esteem. Chi-square results found birth-order and ethnicity to be related significantly.
