Dynamic complex opto-magnetic holography.

Despite recent significant progress in real-time, large-area computer-generated holography, its memory requirements and computational loads will be hard to tackle for several decades to come with the current paradigm based on a priori calculations and bit-plane writing to a spatial light modulator. Here we experimentally demonstrate a holistic approach to serial computation and repeatable writing of computer-generated dynamic holograms without Fourier transform, using minimal amounts of computer memory. We use the ultrafast opto-magnetic recording of holographic patterns in a ferrimagnetic film with femtosecond laser pulses, driven by the on-the-fly hardware computation of a single holographic point. The intensity-threshold nature of the magnetic medium allows sub-diffraction-limited, point-by-point toggling of arbitrarily localized magnetic spots on the sample, according to the proposed circular detour-phase encoding, providing complex modulation and symmetrical suppression of upper diffractive orders and conjugated terms in holographically reconstructed 3-D images.

High order kinoforms as a broadband achromatic diffractive optics for terahertz beams.

We discuss thin optical structures that allow chromatic aberrations to be avoided in the THz domain. The paper contains the theoretical considerations, computer modeling and experimental evaluation of the high order kinoform diffractive elements in the THz range. According to the obtained results application of the high order kinoforms enables broadband operation in the THz range.

Modeling of the optical system illuminated by quasi-monochromatic spatially incoherent light: new numerical approach.

This Letter presents a new method for modeling of complex optical setups illuminated by quasi monochromatic spatially incoherent light. The algorithm provides better performance and quality than other modeling methods both for isoplanatic and nonisoplanatic systems. The algorithm maintains energy relations, image orientation, and magnification of the system. Computer modeling and experimental results are presented.

[Psychiatry in undergraduate training of physicians in Poland. Ideas and reality]. / Psychiatria w programie studiów medycznych w Polsce. Idee i realia.

History of undergraduate training in psychiatry at medical schools in Poland was briefly reviewed showing a traditional independence of chairpersons of psychiatry in forming programmes and deciding about forms of education. Since 1990 this independence has been controlled by the faculties and, to some extent only, regulated by the national curriculum in medicine. Goals, contents and forms of undergraduate training in psychiatry were examined (following Bilikiewicz's study in 1994) with the author's own questionnaire. Professors of psychiatry, respondents to the questionnaire were of very similar opinions in regard to the goals of training. At the same time, meaningful differences were found in the methods used, position of the subject in the curriculum and even time designed for psychiatry training (at some schools below the national minimum). There were also significant differences in the contents of the programme. The most important problem seems to be absence of child and adolescent psychiatry at some schools. Integration of psychiatry with other pre-clinical and clinical subjects was assessed too. The information received suggests that Polish professors of psychiatry approved of the way their subject had been integrated with others. This seems to be overestimation, especially if compared with the Kraków experience presented in a more detailed way.

[Designing a mental health system for children and adolescents]. / Projektowanie systemu opieki nad zdrowiem psychicznym dzieci i mlodziezy.

Mental Health Act indicates childhood and adolescence as the periods of life requiring a special prophylactic, therapeutic and rehabilitative care. Planning future organization of mental health care for children and adolescents can be based on patterns developed in countries of longer tradition, as well as on suggestions of international bodies interested in improving health care. Desirable status, however, will remain at the project stage if the reality is not taken into account. Assessment of the particular community can be done with epidemiological studies which require highly trained professionals and are costly. Thus, epidemiological data can be used rather for modification of well developed care systems. Early start of training in mental health problems of children, adolescents and their families in undergraduate training of physicians seems to be very important, taking into account that development of specialized services requires support and cooperation of other doctors, e.g. general practitioners, and forms a background for postgraduate training in child and adolescent psychiatry. Professional, or rather multiprofessional associations of child and adolescent mental health care givers aiming at improvement of care system have a very important role in lobbying for changes essential for realization of any design.

[Depression in children: prospective studies]. / Prospektywne badania nad depresja u dzieci.

Prospective longitudinal observation of children socially and emotionally immature and depressive at entering school was carried on till their early adolescence. The study's aim was to describe: 1. childhood depression dynamics, 2. developmental changes in depression, 3. factors related to the depression course, 4. relation of childhood depression to adolescence depression. A screening study of representative population of school entering children led to identification of a risk group followed-up 3 and 6 years later. The Kraków Depression Inventory (AO "B1" and IO "B1") was used to diagnose, and for analysis of depression. Results of the study revealed a tendency to chronic course of depression in the studied group. Data collected at the first and the second stage showed coincidence of the depression chronicity and a set of nonspecific factors of "biological vulnerability" on the one hand, and dysfunctional family on the other. The latter was characterized by unclear family boundaries and difficult relational individuation. Data collected at the third stage of the study showed persistence of depression in the same individuals. Entering adolescence seemed to have no impact on depression prevalence in the studied group. It was, however, evident that cognitive and general activity disturbances increased among those studied who were not diagnosed depressive in the second and third stage. This finding requires further studies.

[Biological and family factors in the chronicity of childhood depression. Longitudinal study]. / Wplyw czynników biologicznych i rodzinnych na przewlekle utrzymywanie sie depresji u dzieci. Badania longitudinalne.

A prospective follow-up study was conducted of a group of 32 children diagnosed at 7 years of age as socially and emotionally immature and depressive. In the three year follow-up a group found still depressive was compared with those no longer depressive. Biological vulnerability, early childhood development, family internal and external boundaries and child relational individuation were taken into account. Chronicity of childhood depression can be related to vulnerability and to family disfunction. Mutual interrelation of those factors requires further studies.

[The dynamics of depression on children. A prospective follow-up study]. / Dynamika depresji u dzieci. Badania longitudinalne.

Prospective follow-up study of a group of 33 children diagnosed as socially and emotionally immature, and depressive at age 7 years were conducted. Results of assessment at 10 years of age revealed chronicity of depression in this group. Chronicity of depression was reflected in the change of symptomatology. The thesis about the dependence of depressive symptoms on the developmental stage was supported. Answers to the question about the nature of childhood depression should be looked for in farther longitudinal studies.

[Human values and respect of human rights in oppressive conditions]. / Wartosci humanistyczne a poszanowanie praw czlowieka w trudnych warunkach.

Human rights, an issue of political debates in the last decades, listed in the United Nations Declaration of 1946 are rooted in the humanistic tradition of philosophy and religion. The UN declared their universal character and made state organizations responsible for their observation. Among all human rights that for freedom is usually perceived as crucial. Psychiatry developed in Europe primarily a caring function. The medical model developed in psychiatry through the 19th c. supplied the criteria for medical diagnosis of mental disturbance, and elaborated a system of treatment which included long term hospitalization. Medicalization of psychiatry (recently coming back) is a force which gives courage to those who suffer, to their families, and to professionals as well. This power however, can be easily abused, when a psychiatrist adopts a position of someone who knows better that which is good for his/her patient. Legal regulations of the circumstances of psychiatric treatment, especially treatment against the patient's will should prevent the abuse of the mentally disturbed person's right for freedom. The goal is usually achieved by clear description of clinical and other conditions under which a person can be committed, and by establishing the committed person's right to claim the decision to be unjust. Poland is a country without legal regulation in the area of mental health (there are only administrative acts). For more than sixty years several projects on mental health law have been worked on. The last one which came to the Sejm (parliament) in 1980 was withdrawn by the "Solidarity" Trade Union. At present, the membership of Poland in international organizations makes an introduction of mental health law an obligation. Having no legal regulation, Polish psychiatry has been a self-regulating system. It is worth to note that even in the hard Stalinist period (1947-1956) there was no abuse of psychiatry for political reasons. The main reason for Polish psychiatry staying free from political abuse is seen in the role of internalized norm of human dignity. But others should also be taken into account. It was a specificity of the political situation that the ruling powers did not insist that psychiatrists cooperate. On the other hand the integration of the Polish psychiatric community was helpful in observing the rule of non-collaboration. One of the most important factors is seen as the experience and memory of NAZI crimes in the field of psychiatry in Poland. Extermination of psychiatric patients had to leave the feeling of the importance of psychiatrist's own responsibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Uric acid--a risk factor or atherosclerosis marker in type 2 diabetes?]. / Kyselina mocová--rizikový faktor alebo marker aterosklerózy u diabetikov 2. typu?

The incidence of some risk factors of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was investigated in a group of 91 type 2 diabetics. A group of 57 patients who had a myocardial infarction was compared with a control group of 34 diabetics without clinical and electrocardiographic signs of IHD. In the group of diabetics with IHD there was a significantly higher proportion of hypertonic patients (70%), as compared with the control group (47%). The diabetics with an infraction in the case-history had a significantly higher mean age and a longer mean duration of diabetes. There was not a significant difference between the two groups as regards mean values of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, blood sugar, urea, creatinine, proteinuria and cerebrovascular attacks. As to metabolic factors, there were significantly higher mean uric acid values in the whole group with a myocardial infarction in the case-history, whereby this increase was more marked in men with IHD. Regression analysis did not reveal a significant correlation between uric acid values and the serum cholesterol or triacylglycerol levels or the incidence of hypertension. A significant biserial correlation between the presence of myocardial infarction and uric acid serum levels persisted also after elimination of the effect of age and creatinine serum levels. Based on these results and analyses of data in the literature, the authors favour the view that uric acid is rather a marker than true risk factor of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetics.

[Depression in children at the beginning of school education. Prevalence of the phenomenon and its relation to the child's adaptive capacity]. / Depresja u dzieci podejmujacych nauke szkolna. Rozpowszechnienie zjawiska i jego zaleznosc od mozliwosci przystosowawczych dziecka.

Depression in children has an unfavourable influence on the psychosocial development of the individual, therefore it requires suitable therapeutic and prophylactic approach. The dependencies between school-age immaturity and the prevalence of depression in children were evaluated in the prospective study. The school maturity, and one year later the prevalence of depression were studied in a representative sample of 502 "0"-grade children from the large urban population. The school immaturity was found in 10.56% of probands. More common symptoms were: withdrawal and antisocial behaviour. Depression was found in 32.79% of first-grade students, more frequent children with adaptation difficulties, especially among school-immature boys. The premature biological development, the symptoms of organic brain damage, and low I.Q. do not explain sufficiently neither the school-immaturity nor the prevalence of depression in children. It was found that emotional and social immaturity to the school duties facilitates the onset of depression among I grade students, while the role of the family and school in the genesis of both phenomena studied requires further investigations.

[Biological, psychological and social development and the occurrence of depressive disorders in children and adolescents]. / Przebieg rozwoju biologicznego, psychicznego i spolecznego a wystepowanie zaburzen psychicznycii o obrazie depresyjnym u dzieci i mlodziezy.

The aim of the epidemiologic studies on depression in children and adolescents is to elucidate the nature of the disorder, in particular to verify the hypothesis of the dependence between the nature of adolescence and the occurrence of depression. Subjects with depressive features were identified from the representative sample of junior-school population, as well as from the early- and middle adolescents. The data regarding the course of the development of depressive and non-depressive probands obtained from parents interview were compared. Significant differences were found in the course of the development of depressive and non-depressive children as well as probands in the middle phase of the adolescence. There were no specific features in the course of the development in juvenile patients with the onset of depression in the early adolescence phase. Therefore, depression is more frequent among children in whom the early biological and social development is more disturbed. The infantile central nervous system's damage causes higher risk for depression in childhood. Depression in the early adolescence phase may be recognized as a specific developmental reaction, possibly connected with psychoendocrinologic puberty crisis. The onset of depression in the middle adolescent phase is connected with the difficulties of realization of developmental tasks. The infantile central nervous system's damage increases the risk for depression in that particular phase of life.